• အဂၤလိပ္စာ သင္ခန္းစာေတြ ေရးမုိ႕ လုပ္ေနတာ မေန႕ကတည္းက အခုအထိ ေရးဖုိ႕ စိတ္သြင္းလုိ႕ မရဘူးျဖစ္ေနလုိ႕ အေဟာင္းျပန္တင္သည္ ။

သၾကၤန္အတြင္းမွာ တခ်ိဳ႕ေတြကေပ်ာ္..........
တခ်ိဳ႕တေလက ဘုန္းၾကီးေက်ာင္းျဖစ္ေစ၊ ဘုရားျဖစ္ေစသြားျပီး သီလယူ၊ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ၾကသည္။
သၾကၤန္ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္သည့္ အသုံးအႏႈန္းေတြက မ်ားလွပါသည္ ။
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္
သီလယူ ၊ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္တဲ့စကားလုံးေလးေတြကုိပဲ ေလ့လာၾကည့္ရေအာင္။
သိျပီးသူမ်ားအတြက္ မရည္ရြယ္ဘဲ မသိေသးသူမ်ားအတြက္ အက်ိဳးတစ္စုံတစ္ခုရိွမည္ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ျပီး ထုိစကားလုံးမ်ား ကုိေရးပါမည္။

observe the precepts = သီလေဆာက္တည္သည္။
to observe The Five Precepts =ငါးပါးသီလ ေဆာက္တည္သည္။

observe sabbath = ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္သည့္
keep sabbath = ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္သည့္

administered the Eight Precepts = ရွစ္ပါးသီလေပးသည္။
undertake the Five Precepts = ငါးပါးသီလ ခံယူသည္
undertake the the Eight Precepts = ရွစ္ပါသီလခံယူသည္

sabbath-keepers = ဥပုသ္သည္

(1) OBSERVE

{ - see မ်က္စိရိွလုိ႔ ျမင္တယ္

• Look at .ကၾကည့္ျပီ၊
• watch ..ဆုိ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာျကည့္တယ္ ..
• observe - ကေတာ့ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာၾကည့္၊ေလ့လာ၊သတိျပဳမိတယ္၊
  သင္ယူ (မွတ္တယ္)ေပါ့ဗ်ာ..
  ဒါမုိ႔ အလုပ္အင္တာဗ်ဴးေတြမွာ powers of observation .ကုိေမးတတ္တယ္။
  ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကုိ ဘယ္ေလာက္မ်ား ေလ့လာအကဲခတ္ျခင္း၊ ေလ့လာျခင္းရိွလဲ
  ဆုိတာကုိပါ။ observe မွာအသုံးအမ်ားၾကီးရိွပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာေတာ့
  to obey a law, rule or custom ပါ။( လုိက္နာသည္ )
  ဘယ္လုိျဖစ္ျဖစ္ မူရင္း အနက္.
  သတိျပဳ၊ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ျခင္း ဆုိတဲ့ စကားရဲ႕ သေဘာလုိပါပဲ သီလေဆာက္တည္တဲ့
  အခါ လုိက္နာ မွတ္သား၊ သတိထားျပီး မွတ္ေနရတာပါပဲ ။
  ဒါက သာမန္နားလည္လြယ္ေအာင္ ေျပာတာပါ၊ ပညာရွင္မ်ား အတြက္မဟုတ္ပါ။ }

(2.) SABBATH

Sabbath= a day for people of some religions to rest and pray

ဒီစကားလုံးေလးရဲ႕ Word History ကုိေလ့လာၾကည့္ရင္ နားလည္မႈပုိမယ္လုိ႔ထင္တယ္။ ေလ့လာၾကည့္ရေအာင္...

(Language: Latin
Origin: sabbatum, from Greek, from Hebrew shabbath ‘rest )

Sabbath က... Greek ဘာသာစကား Sabbatum.
Hebrew ဘာသာစကား Shabbath စကားကေန ဆင္းသက္လာတာပါ။ " အနားယူျခင္း" ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ရိွပါတယ္။

The sabbath = Sunday, considered as a day of rest and prayer by most Christian churches.
The sabbath = Saturday, considered as a day of rest and prayer in the Jewish religion and some Christian churches.

The sabbath ဆုိတာ ခရစ္ယာန္အသင္းေတာ္ အမ်ားစု အတြက္ ဆုေတာင္း၀တ္ျပဳရာ ေန႔ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Good Friday ဆုိတဲ့ မဟာ ေသာၾကာၾကီး ေန႔မွာ ေယရႈခရစ္ေတာ္ ကုိ ကားစင္တင္သတ္၊ ၃ ရက္ေျမာက္မွာ ရွင္ျပန္ထေျမာက္တဲ့ေန႔က Sunday ျဖစ္တာမုိ႔ ထုိေန႔ကုိ ဥပုသ္ေန႔အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။

ဂ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးေတြနဲ႔ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ ခရစ္ယာန္အသင္းေတာ္ဂုိဏ္းေတြကေတာ့ ဘုရားသခင္ (God ) က အရာအရာအားလုံးကုိ ဖန္ဆင္းျပီး အနားယူတဲ့ေန႕ ကုိ ဥပုသ္ေန႔အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။
(a sign in respect for the day during which God rested after having completed Creation in six days (Gen. 2:2-3, Ex. 20:8-11)

ဒါကေတာ့ ဗဟုသုတ အျဖစ္ပါ။.. အေသးစိတ္ကေတာ့ ဒီထက္ ရႈပ္ပါတယ္။

It is considered a sin to work or play on the Sabbath.

the day of the week kept by some religious groups for rest and worship. The Sabbath is Sunday for most Christians, Saturday for Jews and Friday for Muslims

အဂၤလိပ္ဘာသာစကားနဲ႔ေျပာခ်င္ေတာ့ ဒီစကားလုံးကုိပဲ ယူသုံးလုိက္ပါတယ္။

တစ္ခ်ိဳ႔ေတာ့လည္း
fast day = ဥပုသ္ေန႕
keep fast = ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ . လုိ႔သုံးပါတယ္။

fast day = A day when you do not eat any food, especially for religious reasons.

fast က ..အစာမစာဘဲေနသည္၊ အစာမစားဘဲ ေနျခင္း
အစာမစားပဲေနသည့္အခ်ိန္၊ (သူကေတာ့ ဥပုသ္အျပင္ ၊ ဥပုသ္နဲ႕ မသက္ဆုိင္တဲ့ အစာမစားျခင္းမွာလည္း သုံးပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ အစာအငတ္ခံဆႏၵျပတာ၊ က်န္းမာေရးေၾကာင့္ အစားေရွာင္တာ စသည္ျဖင့္ ..

To go on a fast .
to go on a diet

fast verb [intransitive] to eat no food or very little food for a period of time, often for religious reasons to eat no food or very little food for a period of time, often for religious reasons

fast noun[countable]a period of time when you eat no food or very little food, often for religious reasons a period of time when you eat no food or very little food, often for religious reasons

a period of time when you eat no food (Noun )
Hundreds of prisoners began a fast in protest about prison conditions.

to eat no food for a period of time (noun )
One day a week he fasts for health reasons.

အားလုံးသိတဲ့ Breakfast က ဒီက ဆင္းသက္လာတာပါ ။ Break ခ်ိဳးဖ်က္သည္..

fast .အစာမစားဘဲေနျခင္း.. Breakfast . တညလုံးမစားပဲေနတာ မနက္က်ေတာ႔ စ စားတာပဲ . :)

Muslims fast during Ramadan.
Muslim people fast during the month of Ramadan.
He observes the fast of Ramadan.
Gandhi drank some orange juice to break his three -week fast.
I'm fasting this week. ဒီအပတ္ထဲ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ေနတယ္။
I'm keeping fast this week.

1. PRECEPT

---

a rule for action or behaviour, especially obtained from moral thought

Precept . (C,U ) စည္းမ်ဥ္း၊ ပညတ္ခ်က္၊ က်င့္၀တ္သီလ၊ ကုိယ္က်င့္သီလ။
ၾသ၀ါဒ၊ ဆုံးမသြန္သင္ခ်က္၊ က်င့္ထုံး။

Religious precepts = ဘာသာေရးက်င့္၀တ္
Moral precepts =ကုိယ္က်င့္တရား၊လူ႔က်င့္၀တ္ စည္းမ်ဥ္း

• There are five basic precepts in Buddhism. +
• This policy goes against common precepts of decency. +
  ဒီမူ၀ါဒက အမ်ားလက္ခံထားတဲ့ လူမႈေရးက်င့္၀တ္နဲ႔ ဆန္႔က်င္ေနတယ္။

1. ADMINISTER

---

administer (V) စီမံ၊ခန္႔ခြဲ၊ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္၊ တရားစီရင္၊က်င္းပ ၊ ေဆးထုိး .ဆုိေသာ အဓိပၸါယ္မ်ား အျပင္ ..

" ေပးသည္" (to give ) ဆုိသည့္ အနက္လည္းရိွပါတယ္။

to administer medicine/relief

The NGOs tried to administer relief for the refugees.
အစုိးရမဟုတ္ေသာ အဖြဲ႔႔အစည္းမ်ားသည္ ဒုကၡသည္မ်ားအား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး ပစၥည္မ်ား ေပးေ၀ဖုိ႔ ၾကိဳးပမ္းအားထုတ္ခဲ့တယ္။

administer the last rites to a dying man.

(ေနာက္ဆုံးအခ်ိန္ေရာက္ေနေသာသူအား ဘာသာေရးႏွင္ဆုိင္ေသာ ၊(သုိ႔) ရုိးရာထုံးတမ္း ဆုိင္ရာကုိ လုပ္ေပးတယ္.)
တရားဖြင့္ေပးတာမ်ိဳး---

1. UNDERTAKE

---

Undertake to do something

to promise or agree to do something.

He undertook to pay the money back in six months.
ပုိက္ဆံကုိ ၆ လ အတြင္း ျပန္ေပးမယ္လုိ႔ ကတိေပးတယ္။
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
ေသာၾကာေန႔ထက္ ေနာက္မက်ဘဲ ( ေနာက္ဆုံး )အလုပ္ကုိ ျပီးေအာင္လုပ္မယ္လုိ႔ သူ ကတိေပးတယ္။ ( တာ၀န္ယူတယ္)

(undertake the Five Precepts ဆုိေတာ့ ငါပါးသီလကုိ လုံေအာင္ေစာင့္ထိန္းပါမည္၊ လုိက္နာပါမည္ ၊ ကတိေပးတဲ့ သေဘာ ၊ တာ၀န္ယူတဲ့သေဘာ၊အာမခံတဲ့သေဘာ။)

သက္ဆုိင္ရာ ေခါင္းစဥ္ေအာက္က အသုံးမ်ားကုိသာ ဖြင့္ဆုိထားပါသည္။ ထုိအတြက္ အျခားအသုံးမ်ား အားမရွင္းထားပါ။ မိမိသိသည့္ အတုိင္းအတာအတြင္းမွ ေရးရပါသည္။ အမွားအယြင္း မ်ားေတြပါက ေထာက္ျပ တည့္မတ္ေပးမႈ အားၾကိဳဆုိပါသည္။

မွတ္မိေစရန္ ေအာက္ပါ စာသားမ်ားကုိ ေလ့လာပါ။

(A) အသက္ၾကီးသူနဲ႕ အသက္မၾကီးတၾကီးလူ အမ်ားအျပားဟာ သၾကၤန္ပြဲေတာ္အခ်ိန္ အမ်ားဆုံးကုိ ဘုရားမ်ား၊ ဘုန္ၾကီးေက်ာင္းမ်ားမွာ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ျခင္း၊တရားနာျခင္း၊ ပုတီးစိပ္ျခင္း၊ကမၼဌာန္းထုိင္ျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ရင္း ကုန္လြန္ေစၾကပါသည္။

Many old people and the not so old spend the greater part of the festival at pagodas and monasteries keeping sabbath, listing to sermons, telling (rosary) beads and sitting in meditation.

(B) ျမန္မာဗုဒၶဘာသာမွန္လွ်င္ အနိမ့္ဆုံးငါးပါးသီလကုိ ခါး၀တ္ပုဆုိးကဲ့သုိ ျမဲရပါသည္။ ခရစ္ယာန္မ်ား ပညတ္ေတာ္ဆယ္ပါး ရုိေသရသလုိပါပဲ။

The Myanmar Buddhists are expected to observe at least the Five Precepts in their daily life, as the Christians are expected to obey the Ten Commandments.

(C ) ထုံစံအားျဖင့္ ေရကစားသူမ်ားဟာ ဥပုသ္သည္မ်ားကုိ ေရပတ္ျခင္းမွ ေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ ၾကပါတယ္။

As a rule , the revellers refrain from throwing water at sabbath-keepers.

( D) ဗုဒၶဘာသာျမန္မာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ ဤသၾကၤန္ပြဲေတာ္ရက္မ်ား၌ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ သီလ ေဆာက္တည္၍ ကုသုိလ္ေကာင္းမႈမ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကေသာ္လည္း သၾကၤန္ပြဲေတာ္ က်င္းပမႈကုိ ပံ့ပုိးျဖစ္ေပၚေစေသာ ယုံၾကည္မႈသည္ ဗုဒၶ၀ါဒအေတြးအခေၚတြင္ အေျခံ၍ ဆင္းသက္လာသည္မဟုတ္ပါ။

Although Myanmar Buddhists generally observe precepts and perform meritorious deeds during these festive days, the belief that underlies the celebration of Thinkyan (the water festival ) did not originate in Buddhist thinking.
.......................

(E) In Cyprus this soup is served on Easter morning to break the long Lenten Fast.

Lent (N) က ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ၀င္ေတြ ရဲ႕ ( ရက္ျမတ္ေလးဆယ္ ) the 40 days before Easter , မွာ ဥပုသ္ေစာင့္ၾကပါတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ေတာ့ ရက္ ၄၀ လုံး အစာေရွာင္ၾကတယ္။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ေတာ့ အစားအစာ၊ မိမိႏွစ္သက္စြဲလမ္းတာေတြကုိ ေလွ်ာ့ျပီး ဘုရားတရား မွာေမြ႕အာရုံျပဳၾကတယ္။
ျမန္မာလုိေတာ့ ၀ါတြင္းလုိ႕ေခၚတယ္။

Lenten ( adj )
Thedingyut means the end of Lent.
သီတင္းကၽြတ္ဆုိတာ ၀ါတြင္းကုန္ဆုံးျခင္းလုိ႔ အဓိပၸါယ္ရပါတယ္။

The Thadingyut Festival celebrates the end of the Buddhist Lent.
သီတင္းကၽြတ္ပြဲေတာ္ဟာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ ၀ါတြင္းျပီးဆုံးျခင္းကုိ ဆင္ယင္က်င္းပတာပါပဲ။

The Myanmars also call the Thatinkyut festival the end of the Buddhist lent festival, because on the full-moon day of Thatinkyut ends the Buddhist lent of three or four months during which the Buddhist monks take a vow not to travel overnight away from their monasteries.

ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ သီတင္းကၽြတ္ပြဲေတာ္ကုိ ၀ါကၽြတ္ပြဲေတာ္ဟူ၍လည္းေခၚပါသည္၊ အေၾကာင္းမွာ ၀ါတြင္းသုံးလ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ေလးလပတ္လုံး မိမိတုိ႕၏ေက်ာင္းမ်ားမွ ထြက္၍ ညအိပ္ညေန ခရီးမသြားရန္ ရဟန္းမ်ားအဓိဌာန္ ျပဳေသာ ကာလသည္ သီတင္းကၽြတ္လျပည့္ေန႔၌ ကုန္ဆုံးေသာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

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To keep the sabbath is to practise austerity. This means observing three more precepts over and above the Five, namely not to have meals after twelve noon; not to amuse oneself with entertainment of any kind or use cosmetics and ornaments; and not to sleep on a comfortable bed or bedstead higher than half -a- metre. Besides, one tells one's beads and mediates on the Three Signs of Beings- the impermanence of life, sufferings of this existence and the non-self (the actual denial of the individual soul). (The Myanmar Buddhist: His life from the cradle to the grave)

Sabbath days

Sabbath days are assiduously observed during the lenten months. The lenten months coincide with the monsoon season. Monks are not allowed to travel during Lent, so it is the duty of the faithful laity to see to their needs;hence the custom of offering Lenten Yellow Robes and candles.Such offerings are made so that the monks should spend the lenten time in quite meditation or study without having to worry about their needs. ( Colourful Myanmar )

References:

Dr.Hla Pe. The Myanmar Buddhist: His life from the cradle to the grave
Khin Myo Chit . Colourful Myanmar
U Aung Kyaw ( Bawathit) A practical Approach to English Writing and
Speaking
Dr.Thein Tun . Structural Grammar and Model English Essays :
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 2nd Edition.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3rd Edition.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5th Edition
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 9th Edition.

@claye