史海钩沉:皇后给皇帝拉皮条,大臣力谏终赔礼道歉

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作者:文氓王福星

今天敬聆隋唐史大家于庚哲教授《百家讲坛》讲座《谨小慎微的房玄龄》,于庚哲教授说房玄龄从来不向李世民谏言,李世民说啥他就干啥,说好听点是谨小慎微,说难听点就是唯唯诺诺谄媚成性。笔者听了于庚哲教授的高论,回去温习《新旧两唐书》《贞观政要》关于房玄龄的记载。发现房玄龄真的是唯唯诺诺,真的是李世民说啥就是啥,哪怕是李世民错得离谱,他也坚决执行。

李世民剧照,感谢原作者

举个例子,据《新旧两唐书》和《贞观政要》记载,长孙皇后听说有个美女郑氏“容貌绝姝,当时莫及”。长孙皇后贤良淑德,亲自出面访求,让李世民册封郑氏为充华(九嫔之一)。李世民顺水推舟,下了册封郑氏为九嫔的诏书。普通人家结婚,还要“请期”,说白了就挑日子。李世民想娶郑氏,也得挑个黄道吉日啊,于是就出现了诏书已经发出去,册封的天使还没有出发的情况。(贞观二年,隋通事舍人郑仁基女年十六七,容色绝姝,当时莫及,文德皇后访求得之,请备嫔御,太宗乃聘为充嫔御,太宗聘为充华。诏书已出,册使未发。)

长孙皇后剧照,感谢原作者

就在李世民等待抱得美人归的时候,魏征出来搅局了。魏征听说郑氏已经许配了陆爽了,虽然还没有完婚,但是已经收了人家的聘礼了。古代的礼制,收了聘礼,就是有夫之妇了。李世民想册封郑氏为充华,按照当时的礼制,就是夺人臣之妻,这个显然是不对的。魏征一番直言劝谏,说得李世民是赶紧承认错误,并且表示要收回发出去的册封充华诏书。(魏征闻郑氏已配陆家,进言谏之。太宗闻之大惊,手诏答之,深自克责,遂停策使,乃令女还旧夫。)

事情到了这个地步,似乎应该结束了。偏偏这个时候,房玄龄也出来搅局了。房玄龄带着三个官员联名上奏,对李世民说:“女适陆氏,无显然之状,大礼既行,不可中止。”

魏征雕像,感谢原作者

当时的情况是,李世民确实挺喜欢郑氏,被魏征进谏之后,还有点舍不得“当时莫及”的郑大美女,还想强行完成册封礼,把郑氏娶进宫中。房玄龄揣度上意,以“大礼既行,不可中止”为由,要求李世民完成册封郑大美女的事情。房玄龄的联名上奏,让李世民心中暗喜。李世民去找魏征,把房玄龄等人的意思告诉魏征,问魏征的怎么看?魏征又是一通谏言,怼得李世民只能赔礼道歉,退婚了事。

按照我们今天的眼光来看,郑大美女又没有和陆爽完婚,李世民要娶郑氏,应该是没问题。按照古代的礼制,李世民如果一定要坚持册封郑氏,就是强娶人臣之妻了。这件事情,发生在贞观二年,所以应该用古代的礼制来看待。房玄龄在明知道李世民强娶郑氏有大错的情况下,还鼓动李世民完成册封之礼。这件事情,房玄龄确实有点唯唯诺诺,甚至是谄媚的意味。

房玄龄剧照,感谢原作者

李世民的身边,有许多直言极谏的大臣,比如魏征、王珪、戴胄、张玄素等人。也有一批大臣,从来不对李世民提意见,李世民说东,他们就绝对不会往西,李世民指狗,他们就绝对不会骂鸡,这批大臣的代表人物是长孙无忌和房玄龄。于庚哲教授统计了一下,发现敢于直言极谏的大臣,都是外来户。魏征和王珪来自太子李建成旧部,戴胄、张玄素来自窦建德旧部。那些李世民说啥都坚决执行的大臣,都是李世民的秦王府旧部。为什么会出现这种情况呢?

李建成剧照,感谢原作者

这就得说说千古一帝的用人手段了,李世民的大臣们,可以分为务虚派和务实派。比如说魏征,大家去看看史书关于他的记载,就会发现,魏征除了直言极谏以外,还真的没有拿得出手的政绩,这类大臣,王某称之为务虚派。房玄龄和长孙无忌,则是负责大唐日常行政工作,国家大事都得由他们办理,这类大臣,王某称之为务实派。

长孙无忌剧照,感谢原作者

李世民很会用人,他把那些敢于提意见的大臣,安排在务虚的职位上。这些大臣的工作,就是负责发现皇帝和朝廷的决策失误,这样子就能人尽其才。房玄龄和长孙无忌这样负责办事的务实官员,李世民则起用对他绝对忠诚的人。这样的人,必须要严格执行李世民的命令。大家不妨想想,要是李世民的务实官也像魏征一样,整天想着挑李世民的毛病,挑出毛病就拒不执行,贞观朝廷还能正常运转吗?李世民让务虚派大臣和务实派大臣各司其职,成就了贞观之治的伟业。千古一帝的驭人之术,高,实在是高啊!

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