Back to a world without COVID-19!

The new coronavirus, which causes the world to press the pause button, is highly contagious, lurking in some hosts without attack, but killing others. In addition, it is not visible to the naked eye. According to the media, it is our "invisible enemy": a nightmare that cannot be seen, heard, and cannot be touched.

As the outbreak continues, it is not difficult to imagine the new coronavirus, a ball with many protrusions, based on the visual experience of the fragments. In fact, none of the viruses we see are the result of artistic treatment. And due to the focus, audience and painting style and other factors are different, different illustrators of the virus is also different.

On January 21st Alyssa Eckert and Dan Higgins of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were tasked with creating new coronavirus images for news bulletins and other media material. Eckert envisions what she calls a "fixation photo" of viral molecules ( known to the scientific community as viral particles ) - a circular ball filled with sharp, coronary proteins shaped in the shape of the virus's name. Eckert and Higgins experimented with a range of color schemes, and finally finalized the red, gray, orange and yellow-dominated schemes. Eckert told the New York Times, "This color scheme stands out." "Since then, the illustration has been widely used in news reports around the world.

Real pictures of the new coronavirus

Since the outbreak, the global pharmaceutical industry and research teams have been involved in drug development: drugs such as Vedsey, known as "special effects", have received much attention, and vaccines are widely seen as humans' last hope of overcoming the new coronavirus. Previously, compared with the development of drugs for popular diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, vaccine and antiviral drug development could be described as "cold" for pharmaceutical research, but as of May 11, 110 new crown vaccines had been developed in WHO records, 8 of which were in clinical trials. Under the influence of the epidemic, vaccine development has become a focus for a while.

Despite the involvement of many teams, the development of new crown vaccines and "special effects drugs" continues to escape the laws of the scientific and pharmaceutical industry, and it is not known when safe and effective vaccines will be developed successfully. In the past, the low focus on vaccines is due to commercial considerations, new drug research and development needs huge capital investment, vaccines for public health is "cost-effective", but the effectiveness of pharmaceutical companies profitability is not ideal, developed countries gradually improve health conditions, infectious diseases decline, vaccine market shrinks, pharmaceutical companies on vaccine research and development corresponding investment will be reduced.

The outbreak of the new coronal has been going on for months, and as research into the new coronavirus and COVID-19 deepens, people recognize not only its complexity, but also the fact that it is not a cure, or a vaccine, that can solve the global pandemic. Today, the latest initiatives of several large biopharmaceutical companies also reflect the biopharmaceutical community's efforts to explore more COVID-19 prevention and treatment methods in a number of ways.

Vaccine development is usually in decades, so it would be unprecedented to get approved vaccines that can be distributed on a large scale by the end of 2020 or even 2021. However, new manufacturing platforms, structural antigen design, computational biology, protein engineering, and gene integration are now tools for rapid and precise vaccine manufacturing. Antiviral vaccines can be divided into two main categories. Gene-based vaccines transmit gene sequences that encode protein antigens produced by host cells. These vaccines include live viral vaccines, recombinant vaccine vectors, or nucleic acid vaccines. Protein-based vaccines include fully inactivated viruses, individual viral proteins or subdomains, or viral proteins assembled in the form of particles, all of which are manufactured out of the body. Recombinant vaccine vectors and nucleic acid vaccines are best suited for rapid production because they are easier to adapt to platform production technologies, where upstream supply chains and downstream processes are the same for every product. Precise antigen delivery can be achieved by understanding the atomic structure of vaccine antigens and the target antigen epitope preserved in vaccines.

Providing the correct protein for the configuration of antibody-mediated immune is essential for any vaccine that intends to produce antibody-mediated immunity. CoV protrusion proteins are displayed on the surface of the virus and help the virus invade. It completes this process through a large-scale reorganization that pulls the virus and the cell membrane together and fuses them. Therefore, the protoprotein is a dynamic substeady protein, there are two main structural states: before fusion and post-fusion. Demonstrating the surface contours and chemical properties of this antigen, which retains the original primary fusion pre-protrusion protein, will retain the antigen epitope required for high-quality neutralizing antibody reactions.

The formulation and delivery of vaccines can also affect the function and reaction patterns of T cells. The gene-based vaccine induces CD8-T cells and produces cd4-T-assisted type 1 cell immune response, which has good antiviral characteristics. The adjuas can not only be used to improve the strength and durability of antibody reactions caused by protein vaccines, but also affect cytokine patterns of T-cell sources to regulate immune responses.

Safety is the primary goal of vaccination for healthy people, and vaccination may exacerbate subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infections. This has happened before. There were two different syndromes associated with vaccine-boosted diseases. One is an enhanced response to antibody dependence (ADE), the other is a vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD), an Fc (the tail end of the antibody) mediated by an enhanced response, usually associated with insect-borne viral infections, such as dengue virus (3). ADE's mechanism designs viral antibody complexes to increase the binding capacity of cells that express FcR, which promotes the virus to enter the cells. This is more likely to occur when vaccine-induced antibodies are not effectively neutralizing the virus due to lack of concentration or affinity or specificity errors.

Life-threatening, life-threatening, look forward to the early development of vaccines! You can go back to the world without COVID-19 a little earlier!