Types of Cloning ( Part 2 )

Background

The first animal to ever be cloned was a tadpole back in 1952 . Then in 1979, researchers produced the first cloned mice. In 1996, researchers cloned the first mammal, a sheep, through reproductive cloning. Scottish researchers successfully produced Dolly, the clone from the udder cell of a sheep, after 276 attempts. The cloned sheep, Dolly was precisely like the normally imagined sheep. The main difference between the two was: Dolly's fetus was created without the presence of sperm.

Source
Dolly's introduction to the world has acquired a stamped revolution in the genetic engineering technology. Throughout the years researchers and scientists have worked passionately to produce duplicated versions of numerous non-human creatures like mice, pigs, cows, puppies, monkeys and many more. The process of cloned lamb can easily be understood from the following diagram,

Source

Cloning

According to the dictionary.com the concept of the Cloning can be comprehend in an effective way.

1-A cell, group of cells, or organism that is produced asexually from and is genetically identical to a single ancestor. The cells of an individual plant or animal, except for gametes and some cells of the immune system, are clones because they all descend from a single fertilized cell and are genetically identical. A clone may be produced by fission, in the case of single-celled organisms, by budding, as in the hydra, or in the laboratory by putting the nucleus of a diploid cell into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. Some plants can produce clones from horizontal stems, such as runners. Clones of other cells and some plants and animals can also be produced in a laboratory. See also therapeutic cloning.
2-A copy of a sequence of DNA, as from a gene, that is produced by genetic engineering. The clone is then transplanted into the nucleus of a cell from which genetic material has been removed.

Source

Types of Human Cloning

The genetic engineers and scientists have reached more close to the human cloning, although human cloning technology has remained in infant stages yet continuous efforts are happening to go beyond the infant stages.

• Reproductive Cloning
• Therapeutic Cloning

1-Reproductive Cloning

Concept:

According to the dictionary.com "The cloning of organisms with the goal of planting the blastula produced by the technique into the uterus of an adult female and thus creating a new organism."

Process:

To develop an embryo Reproductive cloning makes the utilization of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In this process female donor donates egg cell with nucleus.To create an enucleated egg, the nucleus of the egg cell is removed. The individual who is being cloned acts as somatic cell donor, the somatic cell ought to contain DNA as its hereditary material. Voltage is provided to fuse the somatic cell with the enucleated egg. The high voltage does pores and encourages the infusion of egg cell in to the somatic cell to produce an embryo. The embryo, is then embedded into the surrogate mother's uterus for gestation. When the gestation process ends, the surrogate mother gives birth to the cloned baby of the cloned subject.

Source

2-Therapeutic Cloning

Concept:

According to the dictionary.com "The production of embryonic stem cells for use in replacing or repairing damaged tissues or organs, achieved by transferring a diploid nucleus from a body cell into an egg whose nucleus has been removed."

Process:

The process of Therapeutic cloning is much alike the Reproductive cloning however with different outcomes and objectives. Basically, Therapeutic cloning does treatment of the diseases and disorders by harvesting stem cells. It also assists in organ replacement therapy. By using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique, stem cells can be utilized to produce any kind of particular cell in the human body making them vital. After the egg has isolated in 5 days, the stem cells are taken from the egg. These stem cells are used for the respective therapies.

Source

Conclusion

There has been published numerous fake researched articles about the successful human cloning. Many scientists revealed that they have fruitfully cloned human embryos later it was proved fake and fabricated work. Also, cloning humans have been banned as it is seen as unethical.

© Salman Bukhari