Gender (n.) - How many genders are there?

Gender
What is it? How many are there? Why does it matter? And who caused this mess?

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Definition

Gender

noun
A class or grouping of grammatical words in a language. English has no grammatical gender, but does have three gendered pronouns he, she, and it.

It is also used interchangeably with sex.

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History & Etymology:

We’re going to start back with the Proto-Indo-European root gene- which meant “to give birth or beget” This initial relationship with birthing would seem to imply a very close tie to sex and genitals in the development of the word gender, but even to my surprise, that wasn’t the case.

Instead of taking a route through separating men and women by their intimate bits, it became the word genus which still means the same thing today, “race, stock, family, order or species.” It became a word that sorts things into any number of groups.

As Latin word moved in to Vulgar or Popular Latin changed and that became Old French genus became genre, another word that moved directly into english that differentiates groups of things. Due to a quirk of Old french another variant of this word came about gendre.

And as many words it finally came into english during the norman invasion of england, and became gender. At this time it was used purely in reference to grammatical classes of words, and it remained this way till late in the 20th century.