lesson 10
这一课,就不简单的翻译课文,因为作者只写了一点点,不过一切都在代码里。
让我们把代码拆开,看看16位实模式是如何跳转到32位保护模式的。
分析代码前,先想想,为什么会有16位实模式呢?
很久以前,大概1985年左右,那时的intel的CPU只有16位,16位就是代表CPU有16根电线接收数据(其实是16根电线发送数据,另外还有32根电线分两组,每组16根各自接受一组数据),DOS就是那个时代的操作系统,很多年过去了,intel的cpu进化成为32位,但intel为了保证硬件的向前兼容,统一计算机启动的第一步是进入16位模式,然后由引导区决定下一步的动作,这样如果是必须16位模式的DOS系统,一样可以在32位机器上工作。如果你玩树莓派,就会发现完全没有16位实模式这个说法,不过树莓派的启动也是很奇怪的,它先启动GPU,让GPU先读两个配置文件,然后才让ARMcpu工作,这是后话,以后讲到树莓派的时候再说。
32位保护模式与16位实模式是有本质区别的,cpu一次可以寻址32位的地址,也就是最大能够寻址到4G,怎么算的?
2^16 = 65536 约等于65K
2^20 = 1048575 约等于1M
2^32 = 4294967295 约等于4G
现在咱们都用64位的操作系统,还记得当年换64位操作系统的原因吗?大概2010年后,电脑内存越来越大,很快超过了8G,可尴尬的是32位操作系统无法寻址超过4G的内存地址,因为就算给CPU的32根电线
都传递高电平,也只有0XFFFF FFFF 这么几个F,内存是有8G,多出4G的空间,CPU的指头都不够数。64位操作系统是可以调动CPU所有64根电线的,如果让64根电线都是高电平,那么可以寻址到160亿G的内存地址。
16位与32位的区别就在于寻址的方式,也就是CPU如何把自己要什么地址告诉内存,16位是用段地址 X 16+偏移地址
的方式寻址,能够寻址20位。到了32位CPU,使用更加安全虚拟内存的技术,上一节课已经说过。同一个32位CPU在执行16位模式时,通过调整一个开关,就能进入32位寻址能力的模式,这个开关就是代码中的cr0,当cr0的最低位的bit被置为1时,CPU进入32位保护模式。
原代码[^1]
switch_to_pm:
cli ; 1. 关闭中断
lgdt [gdt_descriptor] ; 2. 加载 GDT descriptor
mov eax, cr0
or eax, 0x1 ; 3. 将cr0设置为32位模式
mov cr0, eax
jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm ; 4. far jump
lgdt
加载 gdt_descriptor
的作用就是把GDT
载入到GDTR寄存器中,其实就是载入了一个地址。
16位时CS
寄存器里存的的段地址,进入32位保护模式
后,CS
中存的是GDT
这个结构中的偏移量,比如本例中的GDT[代码][^2]为:
gdt_start: ; don't remove the labels, they're needed to compute sizes and jumps
; the GDT starts with a null 8-byte
dd 0x0 ; 4 byte
dd 0x0 ; 4 byte
; GDT for code segment. base = 0x00000000, length = 0xfffff
; for flags, refer to os-dev.pdf document, page 36
gdt_code:
dw 0xffff ; segment length, bits 0-15
dw 0x0 ; segment base, bits 0-15
db 0x0 ; segment base, bits 16-23
db 10011010b ; flags (8 bits)
db 11001111b ; flags (4 bits) + segment length, bits 16-19
db 0x0 ; segment base, bits 24-31
; GDT for data segment. base and length identical to code segment
; some flags changed, again, refer to os-dev.pdf
gdt_data:
dw 0xffff
dw 0x0
db 0x0
db 10010010b
db 11001111b
db 0x0
gdt_end:
; GDT descriptor
gdt_descriptor:
dw gdt_end - gdt_start - 1 ; size (16 bit), always one less of its true size
dd gdt_start ; address (32 bit)
; define some constants for later use
CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
可以看到 CODE_SEG
的值是0x08 (gdt-code -gdt_start)
,所以此时的CS
寄存器中就存着0x08
,
在保护模式下,CS:IP
取指令地址的流程就成为了, CPU计算GDTR+CS 得到code段的真实base地址,然后以IP
作为offset,得到最终指令的地址。当然在载入指令前会判断code
段的limit
是否小于IP
,如果小于,则报告段错误
,写C语言的人谁没碰到过段错误
?当然C语言中的段错误,应该都是超出了LDTR的limit,LDTR中的L是local,GDTR中的G是global。
一旦进入到32位保护模式,立马天高地阔,不过首先要初始化所有的寄存器,因为寄存器在实模式时,只用了16位,现在可以让寄存器所有32位的能力都能发挥出来。由far jump 到BEGIN_PM lable执行32位下初始化寄存器的指令。下面就该进入kernel了!
THE ORIGIN ARTICALE IN GITHUB:[^3]
Concepts you may want to Google beforehand: interrupts, pipelining
Goal: Enter 32-bit protected mode and test our code from previous lessons
To jump into 32-bit mode:
Disable interrupts
Load our GDT
Set a bit on the CPU control register cr0
Flush the CPU pipeline by issuing a carefully crafted far jump
Update all the segment registers
Update the stack
Call to a well-known label which contains the first useful code in 32 bits
We will encapsulate this process on the file 32bit-switch.asm. Open it and take a look at the code.After entering 32-bit mode, we will call BEGIN_PM which is the entry point for our actual useful code (e.g. >kernel code, etc). You can read the code at 32bit-main.asm. Compile and run this last file and you will see >the two messages on the screen.
Congratulations! Our next step will be to write a simple kernel
[^1]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter/32bit-switch.asm
Copyright:BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa
[^2]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/09-32bit-gdt/32bit-gdt.asm
Copyright:BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa
[^3]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter
Copyright:BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa
版权注明:见备注
不错。腿开始粗了。加油😂
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哇噻,我都没搞清楚什么情况,谢谢拉哥鼓励!
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欢迎联系@team-cn和@ericet加入新手村参与讨论哦~
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谢谢分享!
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谢谢,已修改
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