Muscle groups grow if muscles are kept inactive. The findings suggest that exercise stimulates the growth of muscle tissue and may lead to greater skeletal strength.
Until now, scientists have focused on the body's response to food to determine the effects of exercise on muscle glycogen storage, but this new study sheds light on how exercise affects muscles themselves and in particular on its protein functions.
“The exercise effect on protein’s glycogen phase is one of the most intriguing questions in the exercise research field,” said lead author Brian Lucas, a developmental biologist at the Integrative Science and Bioinformatics Laboratory at Rockefeller University in New York. “The reason we did this study is so we could translate our findings to future research and therapies.”
The research has been published in the journal Nature Cellular and Biomolecular Sciences.
Muscle groups grow when exercise enhances plasma protein synthesis and protein synthesis in skeletal muscles.
Dr. Lucas, a biochemist and bioinformatics expert, conducted the study under a U.S. Army grant, and the research team includes colleagues from Berkeley Lab, North Carolina State University, and Rockefeller University.
“Exercise is not an exercise for exercise’s sake,” said Dr. Luis Garcia, a professor of biology at the University of North Carolina, who led the study in North Carolina. “It has a huge effect on the daily physiology of muscles and their functioning. We can now apply these research findings to treatments for musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and exercise-induced osteoporosis.”
Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Dr. Garcia and colleagues looked at the effects of specific forms of exercise. In one study, they scanned the skeletal muscles of healthy humans while they exercised at a moderate level. In another, they scanned five individuals who exercised on a stationary bike. In the third study, the researchers also looked at the effect of healthy nonsmokers and smokers.
After the exercise, the researchers examined the number of skeletal protein cells in the skeletal muscle and looked to see if those cells were affected by activity. In all cases, the study authors found that workouts “did indeed stimulate the growth of skeletal muscle cells.”
One possible explanation is that the workout — moderate exercise at moderate levels — boosts the production of human anabolic hormones (HPA2), such as growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen.
“The exercise that produces the most apparent effect — moderate exercise at moderate rates — can be used for either men or women,” said Dr. John Prisso, the George M. Salinger Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering at Rockefeller and senior author of the study, which was conducted under Army grant 3T3118583. “The medical world has shown that the greatest influence of exercise on the metabolism of fat can be produced in women.”
The study also suggested that exercise may stimulate the breakdown of reprogramming, a protein involved in the protein production process, which is one potential benefit of regular, moderate exercise, Dr. Lucas said.
“The phYM2 activity we identified is related to exercise,” said Dr. Lucas. “This suggests that increased HPA2 activity is associated with certain individuals being more likely to exercise.”
Ultimately, the study results suggest that exercise may lead to greater strength, endurance, and overall athletic performance.
“Next, we need to look at cardiovascular benefits of the workouts, such as reducing heart disease and stroke,” said Dr. Lucas. “We are thinking in the next few years about targeting proteins that are of interest to athletes — these might include mitochondria.”
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