Montesquieu.
His idea of separation of powers ("For the spirit of law"). According to him, a society, in order to be fair, needs three authorities - legislative, executive and judicial - to ensure citizens' safety by the arbitrariness and misuse of the authorities. According to him, it does not matter whether the government will be aristocratic, democratic or monarchical - it is important to have three authorities.
Jean-Jacques Russo.
Speaking of Rousseau, we must bear in mind the historical situation at that time - the era of Enlightenment (faith in reason and science). It is believed that the human spirit, freeing itself from superstition and delusions, is able to solve all puzzles and problems. Enlightenment is related to the idea of the pragmatic nature of knowledge (knowledge as a force and a tool for a rise, a desire to spread the light of reason).For the first time, mass education, the teacher, introduces a compulsory school visit. Until then, there was an intellectual elite and a majority of non-scholars. However, there is duality in the Enlightenment - the so-called pseudo-education.
In the Age of Enlightenment, superstition appears, too much faith in the abilities of reason.Jean-Jacques Rousseau - born in Geneva in 1712 - dies 1778; his mother dies with his birth; he was brought up by his father. At the age of 6 he starts reading. At age 13, he became an apprentice at the engraver, but because of the accusation of theft he left the craft. She lives with a twelve-year-old aristocrat for 12 years. 1731 visits Paris - disappointed, since then in Paris about 1/3 of the population lived in extreme poverty."Civilization devastates" (Rousseau) casts doubt on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the idea of reason and progress as something positive, to raise the human mind over life.
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