New Time: Thomas Hobs, John Locke

Thomas Hobbs.
Key ideas in Leviathan: the state is a rescue for the human race; man by nature is selfish, by nature seeks the ability to dominate over others; everyone has the right to everything, which makes people angry.The state is the result of a public contract (as a compromise) because of the conflicting nature of man. People thus voluntarily give up their rights in favor of the state and the head of state. the state is an artificial form.

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According to Hobs, the one at the head of society is becoming a sovereign, bearer of supreme power, that is, in his hands are passed the decisions that otherwise should take all. People become its subjects. "The right of the state extends to where people demand."Hobbs does not allow any separation of powers. Power is concentrated in the ruler (single person) or in a small group of rulers.

John Locke.
The starting point is that by nature, human beings are equal and no one can be placed under the authority of another unless by his consent. He wants to distinguish the natural domination (father-son, master-slave) from the political.In The Two Treatises for the Government, Lock describes the natural state of people - a kingdom of equality.There is no reason for hostility between people. But Lock points out the right of a person to have private property. This right, according to him, arises before the state and is the basis for its emergence.

The state is empowered, through a public agreement, to protect human rights, but it is not a total denial of natural human rights. People partially renounce their rights for the benefit of the state.Constitutional monarchy is the best, according to Locke. With legislative (supreme) and executive power (then no third power was included).Treatise "For tolerance" - it justifies the principles of tolerance and the necessity of it; the religious beliefs of people, in his view, can not be the subject of judgment and violence.