Hillary Clinton

Born 1947). In 2000 Hillary Clinton, the wife of U.S. President Bill Clinton, became the first presidential spouse to win elective office when she captured a seat in the U.S. Senate. She later served as secretary of state in the administration of President Barack Obama. In 2016 she won the Democratic Party’s nomination for president, becoming the first woman to top the presidential ticket of a major party in the United States.

Hillary Diane Rodham was born in Chicago, Illinois, on October 26, 1947, and grew up in Park Ridge, Illinois. Influenced by her parents, she was a Republican in her youth. Her political views changed while she studied political science at Wellesley College in Massachusetts, and she became a Democrat. After graduating in 1969, she entered Yale Law School. There she developed a strong interest in family law and issues affecting children. Although she met Bill Clinton at Yale, they took separate paths after graduation in 1973. He returned to his native Arkansas, and she stayed in the East to work for the Children’s Defense Fund. In 1974 Rodham moved to Arkansas, where she taught at the University of Arkansas School of Law. She married Clinton in 1975 and joined a prominent law firm in Little Rock, later becoming a partner. The couple’s only child, Chelsea, was born in 1980.

While Bill Clinton served as governor of Arkansas (1978–80, 1982–90), Hillary worked on programs that aided children and the disadvantaged and maintained a successful law practice. She played a crucial role in her husband’s 1992 presidential campaign. She greeted voters, gave speeches, and was one of his chief advisers. After Bill became president in 1993, he appointed Hillary to head a task force to devise a national health care policy. She appeared before Congressional committees to promote the findings of the task force, winning mostly favorable comments for her expertise on the subject. Conservatives chafed at her high-profile role in her husband’s administration, however, and Congress ultimately rejected the task force’s recommendations.

Hillary remained a controversial figure throughout her time in the White House. Her investment in Whitewater, a real estate development in Arkansas, and other business dealings came under investigation. She also received criticism for her involvement in legal maneuvering by the White House during the Whitewater investigation. In 1998 she was thrust into the spotlight again when the president’s affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky was revealed. The first lady stood by her husband publicly during the scandal and subsequent impeachment.

In 1999 Hillary launched her candidacy for a U.S. Senate seat from New York. After a bitter contest, she defeated Republican Rick Lazio in the 2000 election. As senator, she continued to push for health-care reform and remained an advocate for children. She was easily reelected in 2006.
The next year Hillary announced that she would seek the Democratic presidential nomination for 2008. Considered the early frontrunner, she spent months locked in a tight contest with Senator Barack Obama. Obama eventually secured the nomination and went on to be elected president. In December 2008 Obama selected Clinton to serve as secretary of state, and she was easily confirmed by the Senate in January 2009. Clinton’s tenure as secretary of state was widely praised for improving U.S. foreign relationships. She resigned from her post in 2013 and was replaced by former Massachusetts senator John Kerry.

In April 2015, Clinton announced her candidacy for the 2016 U.S. presidential election. She immediately became the favorite to win the Democratic nomination, but her campaign faced an unexpected challenge from Bernie Sanders, a senator who was a self-described “democratic socialist,” and her use of a private e-mail address and server while secretary of state prompted an FBI investigation. During her primary campaign, Clinton advocated a “sensible agenda,” which was based on traditional Democratic goals, notably tax increases on the wealthy, an increase to the minimum wage, and immigration reform. She also highlighted her foreign-policy experience. On June 7, 2016, Clinton claimed the Democratic nomination following primary wins in several states, notably California. The following month the FBI concluded its e-mail probe, with Director James Comey recommending that no charges be brought against Clinton, though he stated that she had been “extremely careless” in her handling of classified material. On July 12 she was officially endorsed by Sanders.

Later that month Clinton selected Senator Tim Kaine as her vice presidential running mate. On July 26, 2016, at the Democratic National Convention, she was named the party’s nominee. Clinton’s Republican opponent was Donald Trump, a businessman whose outsider status and political incorrectness helped him win the support of many voters who believed they had been neglected by mainstream politicians. The campaign became increasingly negative and hostile as the candidates exchanged charges in speeches and in a series of debates. Trump accused Clinton of being “crooked” and stated that she should be jailed over the e-mail scandal. Clinton denied the accusations, but many polls indicated that the majority of Americans found her untrustworthy. Clinton countered by raising doubts about Trump’s temperament and political inexperience, portraying him as unfit for the presidency. She also focused on his treatment of women, highlighting a series of negative comments he had made.

As election day neared, many polls showed Clinton with a lead, but those polls apparently failed to capture the support enjoyed by Trump in several key states. In the election of November 8, 2016, Clinton was defeated in her bid for the presidency after having lost a number of states that had been won by Obama in the 2012 election, including Florida, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.