Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood

The Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993 (or "Great Flood of 1993") occurred in the American Midwest, along the Mississippi and Missouri  rivers and their tributaries, from April to October 1993. The flood was  among the most costly and devastating to ever occur in the United  States, with $15 billion in damages. The hydrographic basin affected  cover around 745 miles (1,199 km) in length and 435 miles (700 km) in  width, totaling about 320,000 square miles (830,000 km2).[2] Within this zone, the flooded area totaled around 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2)[3] and was the worst such U.S. disaster since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927,  as measured by duration, area inundated, persons displaced, crop and  property damage, and number of record river levels. In some categories,  the 1993 flood even surpassed the 1927 flood, at the time the largest  flood ever recorded on the Mississippi. 

 Since the previous Great Flood of 1951, extensive leveeing  had been carried out to keep more residential and agricultural areas  protected. The rivers were being contained within their beds, with  overflow into their natural floodplains barred by levees.[citation needed] 

Overview

Well  above average rainfall and below average temperatures beginning in the  summer of 1992 resulted in above-normal soil moisture and reservoir  levels in the Missouri and Upper Mississippi River  basins. This weather pattern persisted throughout the following autumn.  During the winter of 1992–93, the region experienced heavy snowfall.  These conditions were followed by persistent spring weather patterns  that produced storms over the same locations. Soils across much of the  affected area were saturated by June 1, with additional rainfall all  running off into streams and rivers, instead of soaking into the ground.[2] These wet-weather conditions contrasted sharply with the droughts and heat waves experienced in the southeastern United States. Storms, persistent and repetitive in nature during the late spring  and summer, bombarded the Upper Midwest with voluminous rainfall.  Portions of east-central Iowa received as much as 48 inches (1,200 mm)  of rain between April 1 and August 31, 1993, and many areas across the  central-northern plains had precipitation 400–750% above normal.[2] In the St. Louis National Weather Service (NWS) forecast area encompassing eastern Missouri and southwest Illinois, 36 forecast points rose above flood stage,  and 20 river-stage records were broken. The 1993 flood broke record  river levels set during the 1973 Mississippi and the 1951 Missouri River  floods. Civil Air Patrol  crews from 21 states served more than 5,000 meals to flood victims and  volunteers, and their pilots logged more than 1,500 hours in the air  inspecting utility lines and pipelines.[4] Over 1,000 flood warnings and statements, five times the normal, were  issued to notify the public and need-to-know officials of river levels.  In such places as St. Louis, river levels were nearly 20 feet (6 m)  above flood stage, the highest ever recorded there in 228 years.[5]  The 52-foot (16 m)-high St. Louis Floodwall, built to handle the volume  of the 1844 flood, was able to keep the 1993 flood out with just over  two feet (0.6 m) to spare.[citation needed]  This floodwall was built in the 1960s, to great controversy, out of  interlocking prefabricated concrete blocks. Had it been breached, the  whole of downtown St. Louis would have been submerged. Emergency officials estimated that nearly all of the 700 privately  built agricultural levees were overtopped or destroyed along the  Missouri River. Navigation on the Mississippi and Missouri River had  been closed since early July resulting in a loss of $2 million (1993)  per day in commerce. An Illinois man, James Scott,  23 at the time, was officially convicted for "intentionally causing a  catastrophe" and sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in causing  some of the flooding across the river from Quincy, Illinois.  In an attempt to strand his wife on the other side of the river so he  could continue partying, Scott removed several sandbags from a levee  holding back the water. The breach flooded 14,000 acres (57 km²) of  farmland, destroyed buildings, and closed a bridge.[6][7] 

May

The Redwood River in Minnesota began experiencing severe flooding in May.[8] On May 22, Sioux Falls, South Dakota,  received 7.5 inches (190 mm) of rain in a three-hour period. From May  through July, Sioux Falls, South Dakota received 22.55 inches (573 mm)  of rain, the wettest three-month period in its history.[9] 

June

As noted above, rains in South Dakota contributed to flooding downstream. In June, flooding occurred along the Black River in Wisconsin, with flooding also starting to occur along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas rivers.[8]  Starting as early as June 7, reports of levees being overtopped and  levee breaks became common. These breaches acted to delay the flood  crests, temporarily storing excess water in the adjacent lowlands, but  the rain kept falling.     Mississippi River out of its banks in Festus, Missouri. The spot where this photo was taken is nearly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west and 30 feet (9.1 m) above the river.   In the beginning of June, the Missouri and Mississippi rivers dropped  below flood stage and were receding. During the second week of June,  river levels rose to near flood stage before yet again beginning their  slow recession. By the end of June, the Mississippi River was four feet  (1.2 m) below flood stage at St. Louis,  while many other river locations in the region were near flood stage.  Precipitation for the month averaged from one inch (25 mm) above normal  in Kansas City, to nearly four inches (100 mm) above normal in Springfield, Missouri. 

July

July brought  more heavy rain to the Missouri and upper Mississippi River basins in  Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Illinois, and  Minnesota. Rainfall amounts of 5 to 7 inches (125 to 175 mm) in 24 hours  were common. Precipitation  for the month averaged from one inch (25 mm) above normal at St. Louis  and Springfield, to between six and seven inches (150 to 175 mm) above  normal at Columbia and Kansas City, Missouri.[citation needed]     Water encroaching on the City of Alton, Illinois   From July 11 until July 22, the Des Moines Water Works treatment facility was flooded by the Raccoon River. This resulted in the plant being powered down, unable to provide running water for that period. During this time the Army National Guard and American Red Cross set up water stations, and the local Anheuser-Busch distributor contributed water in white six packs  with their logo on it. Once running water was restored, there was  enough pressure for people to bathe and flush toilets, but the water was  not certified potable until July 29. The final usage restrictions were lifted in August.[citation needed] Major sandbagging activities took place along the higher Missouri River, the River des Peres  in St. Louis, the Mississippi River south of St. Louis, and on many  other tributaries across Missouri and Illinois. Some of these efforts  were successful, while others were not. The copious rain during July  sent record-setting crests down the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers,  causing river gauges to malfunction along the way. The record crests met  within days of each other at their confluence near St. Louis.  Navigation on the Mississippi and Missouri River was closed in early  July, resulting in a loss of $2 million (1993) per day in commerce.[10] Mississippi River levels stabilized for a few days at April 1973  record stages. When the crest from the Missouri River arrived, levels  rose again. The Mississippi River broke through levees, drove people and  their possessions to higher ground, and caused havoc through the  floodplains.[citation needed] The crests, now combined as one, moved downstream through St. Louis on the way to the Upper Mississippi's confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. Only minor flooding occurred below Cairo due to the Lower Mississippi's larger channel below that point, as well as drought  conditions in the eastern U.S. If the Ohio River watershed had not been  in drought while the Missouri and Upper Mississippi were in flood, the  1993 flood might have rivaled the 1927 flood in overall damage on the  Lower Mississippi, beyond Cairo.[citation needed] 

August

  Monument to the 1993 flood at Jones-Confluence Point State Park at the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers in St. Charles County, Missouri, 400 feet (120 m) above sea level. The water reached the top of the pole at 438.2 feet (133.6 m).   On August 1, levee breaks near Columbia, Illinois, flooded 47,000 acres (190 km²) of land, inundating the Illinois towns of Valmeyer and Fults. The released water continued to flow parallel to the river, approaching the levees protecting historic Prairie du Rocher and Fort de Chartres.  On August 3, officials decided to break through the stronger  Mississippi River levee to allow the water back into the river. The plan  worked and the historic areas were saved, although some residential  areas were flooded in counties above Prairie du Rocher. The Mississippi River at St. Louis crested at 49.6 feet (15.1 m) on August 1, nearly 20 feet (6 m)[11] above flood stage. It had a peak flow rate of 1,080,000 ft³/s (30,600 m³/s). At this rate, a bowl the size of Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis would be filled to the brim in 70 seconds. 

Costs and damage

Some  locations on the Mississippi River flooded for almost 200 days, while  various locations on the Missouri neared 100 days of flooding. On the  Mississippi, Grafton, Illinois, recorded flooding for 195 days, Clarksville, Missouri, for 187 days, Winfield, Missouri, for 183 days, Hannibal, Missouri, for 174 days, and Quincy, Illinois, for 152 days. The Missouri River was above flood stage for 62 days in Jefferson City, Missouri, 77 days at Hermann, Missouri, and for 94 days at St. Charles  in the St. Louis metropolitan area. On October 7, 103 days after the  flooding began, the Mississippi River at St. Louis finally dropped below  flood stage. Approximately 100,000 homes were destroyed as a result of  the flooding, 15 million acres (60,000 km²) of farmland inundated, and  the whole towns of Valmeyer, Illinois, and Rhineland, Missouri, were relocated to higher ground.[2]  The floods cost 32 lives officially; however, a more likely target is  suspected to be around 50 people, as well as an estimated $15–20 billion  in damages.[citation needed] Even after the water was gone, billions of pounds of sand covered homes and farms. 

Comparison with other colossal floods

  High water marks at Westport Landing on the Missouri River in Kansas City. The flood heights from top to bottom are 1993, 1844 and 1951. ASB Bridge in background   Channeling and levee construction altered how the floods affected  various areas along the Missouri River. Here is a comparison of Kansas  City data for the three big floods since the early 19th century.  

• Great Flood of 1844  – This was the biggest flood of the three in terms of rate of discharge  at Westport Landing in Kansas City. It is estimated that 625,000 cubic  feet per second (17,700 m³/s) was discharged in the flood. However, the  crest on July 16, 1844, was almost a foot (0.3 m) lower than the 1993  flood.
• Great Flood of 1951  – The 1951 flood was the second biggest in terms of rate of discharge  at 573,000 ft³/s (16,200 m³/s). The 1951 crest on July 14, 1951, was  almost two feet (0.6 m) lower than the 1844 flood and three feet (1 m)  lower than 1993. However, the flood was the most devastating of all  modern floods for Kansas City since its levee system was not built to  withstand it. It destroyed the Kansas City Stockyards and caused Kansas City to build Kansas City International Airport away from the Missouri River bottoms to replace the heavily damaged Fairfax Airport in Kansas City, Kansas.
• Great Flood of 1993 – The 1993 flood was the highest of any of the  three but had the lowest discharge at 541,000 ft³/s (15,300 m³/s). While  the 1993 flood had devastating impacts elsewhere, Kansas City survived  it relatively well because of levee improvements after the 1951 flood.

Get information from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993