The History of the Kingdom of the Pasai Oceans (ACEH)

Here I will tell you a bit about the original history of the kingdom of the Pasai seas of Aceh.

1. History
   When the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai can not be ascertained properly and is still a debate among historians. However, there is a belief that the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai stood earlier than the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey which was once one of the greatest civilizations in the world. If the Ottoman dynasty began to reinforce its power around the year 1385 AD, then the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai has spread its influence in the region of Southeast Asia since 1297 AD.
   A number of historians and researchers from Europe during the colonial occupation of the Dutch East Indies has made several investigations to uncover the origin of one of the largest kingdoms in the earth Aceh. Some scholars and researchers from the Netherlands, including Snouck Hurgronje, J.P. Moquette, J.L. Moens, J. Hushoff Poll, G.P. Rouffaer, H.K.J. Cowan, and others, agreed on the estimate that the Samudera Pasai Sultanate was only established in the mid-13th century and placed the name of Sultan Malik Al Salih as its founder. Malik Al Salih's own name is known as different writing and writing, among others Malik Ul Salih, Malik Al Saleh, Malikussaleh, Malik Al Salih, or Malik Ul Saleh.

A. The Origin of Naming Pasai
The full name of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is "Ocean of Aca Pasai", which means "the good Ocean Kingdom with the capital of Pasai". The central government of the kingdom is now no longer exist but its location is predicted around the country Blang Melayu. The name "Samudera" was the name of the island now called Sumatra, as the Portuguese call it. Previously, the name of the area is Perca Island.
While travelers from China / China call it by the name "Chincou", which means "Golden Island", as known on the basis of I'tsing's writings. King Kertanegara, the leader of the famous Singasari Kingdom, calls this area Suwarnabhumi, which means it is similar to what the Chinese people call "Golden Island".
The Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is an Islamic kingdom located on the northern coast of Sumatra, approximately around the city of Lhokseumawe, North Aceh today. Written records that historians believe to track the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai are the three books of Malay historiography namely Hikayat Raja Pasai, Malay History, and Tale of King Bakoy. The saga of Raja Pasai gives a considerable share in the effort to uncover the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, although the nuances of myth is still a constraint in interpreting the truth.

B. The Existence of Ocean Pasai Journey
Before embracing Islam, the original name of Malik Al Salih is Angry Silu or Meurah Silo. "Meurah" is a call of honor for the elevated person, while "Silo" can be interpreted as glare or glitter. Angry Silu is a descendant of the Imam of the Four Imams, or so-called Sukee Imuem Peuet, the title of four Maharaja / Meurah brothers from Mon Khmer (Champa) who was the first founder of the kingdoms in Aceh prior to the entry and development of Islam.
The ancestors who founded the Hindu / Buddhist kingdoms in Aceh included the Maharaja Syahir Po-He-La who built the Peureulak Kingdom (Po-He-La) in East Aceh, the Tanwi Shiva who raised the Jeumpa Kingdom (Champa) flag in Peusangan ( Bireuen), Poly (Pau-Ling) who established the banner of Sama Indra Kingdom in Pidie, and Nuwah Shah as the founder of Indra Purba Kingdom in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar.
In the saga of Raja Pasai told that Marah Silu married Angry Gadjah and his mother is Princess Betung. Angry Silu has a brother named Marah Sum. After the death of his parents, the two brothers left his residence and began to wander. Angry Sum then became ruler in the region of Bieruen, while Marah Silu opened the land in the upper river Peusangan located not far from the mouth of the Pasai River until he became the holder of the throne of the Kingdom of the Ocean.

1. The Genealogy of Kings
   Here are the names of sultans / sultans who are known to have led the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai:

2. Sultan Malik Al-Salih (1267-1297)

3. Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir

4. Sultan Malikul Mahmud

5. Sultan Malikul Mansur

6. Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383)

7. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin Malik Az-Zahir (1383-1405)

8. Sultanah Nahrasiyah or Sultanah Nahrisyyah (1420-1428)

9. Sultan Sallah Ad-Din (1402)

10. Sultan Abu Zaid Malik Az-Zahir 1455)

11. Sultan Mahmud Malik Az-Zahir (1455-1477)

12. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1477-1500)

13. Sultan Abdullah Malik Az-Zahir (1501-1513)

14. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1513-1524)
    Sultan / Sultanah Sultanate Sultanate Samudera Pasai According to the saga of Raja Pasai.
    Sultan Malik Al Salih led the Sultanate of Samudera, while his son, Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir was the ruler of the Pasai Sultanate. When Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir died, the Sultanate of Pasai Sultanate was held by Sultan Malik Al Salih for a while while waiting for the two sons of Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir, Malikul Mahmud and Malikul Mansur, growing up. After the two sons of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is considered able to become a leader, Sultan Malik Al Salih resigned from as sultan of the two kingdoms he led. Furthermore, Sultan Malik Al Salih handed the government control to his two grandchildren, each Sultanate of Pasai to Malikul Mahmud and Sultanate of Samudera to Malikul Mansur. The period of the reign of the three sultans, namely Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir, Sultan Malikul Mahmud, and Sultan Malikul Mansur, was deliberately not mentioned because there are still some irregularities about it, including those recorded in the saga of Raja Pasai.
    The confusion over the respective period of government of the sultanate / sultanah became its own obstacle, and therefore the year listed in the above list is an interpretation of some of the information that has been found. Similarly, the mention of the name or title of each sultan / sultanah that was found many versions. In addition, the incompleteness of information about whoever sultan / sultan who ever ruled the Samudera Pasai Sultanate in sequence and coherence also raises other problems because not necessarily what is written in the above genealogies record all the rulers who once reigned in the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.

15. Government System
    The composition of the people who became the citizens of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate showed a multi-layered nature. According to Ayatrohaedi, the layer consists of the Sultan and Great People of the kingdom in the upper layer up to the servant of light in the lowest layer. In the layers of the bureaucracy group, there is a group of Great People, prime ministers, ministers, soldiers, employees, and other royalty nobles.
    The existence of people who are engaged in trade, such as people who trade, people sail, people weekend, captain, and others. Although the number of population of Arabs who settled in Pasai not as much as those from India, but among the Arabs is very influential in the running of the government of the kingdom, even at the discretion of the Sultan of Pasai though. This situation is seen since the early establishment of the Sultanate of Pasai and lasted long until the name of this kingdom turned into the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.
    During the reign of Sultan Malik Al Salih as the first ruler of the Pasai Sultanate, there were a number of Great Men in the country, including Tun Sri Kaya and Tun Baba Kaya. The names clearly indicate the position of those called the Great Men. This corresponds to the mention of the Great People of the kingdom in the Malay Peninsula and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam as the Rich.
    Both big man who took control the running of the government in the Sultanate of Pasai were each then given the title Sayid Sayid Ali Ghitauddin and Asmayuddin, as has been mentioned previously in the Islamic Angry Silu or Sultan Malik Al Salih. In the saga it is plainly illustrated that the Great Men were mentioned as prime ministers, one for the Pasai Sultanate and one for the Samudera Sultanate. Their position is very important there since the reign of Sultan Malik Al Salih until the era of his grandson's rule of Malikul Mahmud and Malikul Mansur.

One Manuscript showing the existence of Pasai
In the second period grandson of Sultan Malik Al Salih was in power in each kingdom, there is a dispute between them, ie when Malikul Mansur indecent acts against one of the wives Malikul Mahmud. Knowing that his despicable act, Sultan Malikul Mahmud could say that if he had not respect Asmayuddin Sayid, who is an advisor in the Sultanate of Sultan Malikul Mansur Ocean, undoubtedly Malikul Sultan Mahmud had killed his own brother on the despicable act was unforgivable. This fragment is enough to prove how strong the influence of the Great People in controlling the wheels of the royal government, even to the degree of affecting the personal and psychological conditions of the Sultan.
In the next era of leadership, which is under the regime of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383), the government of the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean escorted by four prime ministers, who each named Sincere Supreme Plumbers Sukara, Baba Mentuha, Solomon Dendang Water, And Tun Shah Alam City. Still the same as in the previous periods, the fourth prime minister to function as an advisor to the Sultan and influence the royal policy despite the final decision remains in the hands of the Sultan of Pasai Ocean. The social and political life of the citizens of Samudera Pasai Sultanate is highly colored by the elements of Islam and Islamic culture. His government is a theocracy (based on Islamic teachings) and most of his people embraced Islam.