资本主义的真正起源--从刘仲敬到奥地利学派:解读资本主义诞生的不同视角

in hive-180932 •  4 months ago  (edited)

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互联网作为一个开放的空间,有各种非主流思想在其中传播。其中一种有一定影响力的小众思想被称为"姨学"。这种思想的代表人物是一位原国内体制内的法医,名叫刘仲敬。他的观点被归类为"姨学",实际上是一种大杂烩,甚至包含了一些奥地利学派经济学的思想。

刘仲敬提倡所谓的"自发秩序",这一概念源自奥地利学派大师哈耶克的理论。这些思想能够得出一些相对正确的结论,比如他认为大一统的传统思想会导致分裂割据的时代,反而会带来经济和文化更加繁荣的时期。

刘仲敬的思想中也有一些原创概念,如"献忠"一词。这个词最初由他提出,借用了明末农民起义领袖张献忠的名字,用来形容那些在社会动荡时期伤害无辜民众的行为。他认为,张献忠之所以在历史上臭名昭著,并不仅仅是因为他对明朝政府或皇帝个人造成了多大伤害,而是因为他对普通民众的掠夺和伤害。这种行为与现在某些社会边缘人物"报复社会"的行为在逻辑上非常相似。

另一个由刘仲敬popularize的概念是"内卷"。在这个词广为人知之前,他就经常提出这个概念。然而,总的来说,刘仲敬的思想还是非常偏颇和小众的。

刘仲敬思想的核心在于对哈耶克"自发秩序"理论的曲解。他认为所谓的秩序是由那些拥有暴力的人创造出来的,类似于历史上的封建诸侯或割据的藩镇。这些人手握兵权,拥有暴力和统治权,是所谓"秩序的缔造者"。他提出了一个抽象的概念,即人类社会的秩序来源于"武德充沛"的人。

然而,这种观点实际上是一种简单化的解释。虽然它解构了自秦始皇以来的中国大一统架构,但本质上不过是用更小的"秦始皇"取代更大的"秦始皇"。而且,这种思想存在一个致命的逻辑漏洞:如果秩序的缔造者来源于"武德充沛"的人,那么这些人之间inevitably也会存在差异。最终,"武德"最充沛的人将成为所有秩序的缔造者,这又回归到了大一统的模式,与他解构传统思想的初衷相矛盾。

刘仲敬还试图用他的理论来解释资本主义的诞生。他认为资本主义最早萌芽于意大利北部的商业城邦,是中世纪封建诸侯为了加强自身武力而促进了地区工匠和手工业的发展,特别是军事工业的兴起,从而带动了资本主义的萌芽。

然而,这种解释存在很大的问题。相比之下,奥地利学派的经济学家对资本主义起源的解释更为合理。以英国为例,在工业革命之前的16世纪,英国还是欧洲的一个边缘小国,社会非常贫困。当时英国人口约600万,其中400万人是贫民。英国还经历了所谓的"羊吃人"运动,大量农民失去土地成为无产者。

在这种情况下,一些头脑灵活的穷人开始在城市间经商,逐渐发展起了英国的手工业和商业。这些新兴产业有一个显著特点:它们打破了城市和农村相对隔离的两个世界。传统的城市工匠主要为贵族和富人服务,产品精美但数量少。而这些由流民发展出来的产业生产的产品则面向普通民众,需要大量生产,虽然质量相对粗糙,但数量巨大,能满足普通人的需求。这种面向普通人的生产,才是真正的资本主义特征。

如今,世界知名的大企业中,绝大多数都是为普通人提供服务的。那些奢侈品品牌虽然名气很大,但公司规模远不及这些服务普通人的大企业。

总的来说,像"姨学"这种边缘思想虽然有一定吸引力,但如果真的想了解现实世界和学习有意义的思想,还是应该关注更主流、更科学的经济学理论。

互联网上有一些互联网,毕竟还是一个开放的空间,这有些非主流的思想在互联网上传播,这其中叫有影响力的小众思想,就是所谓的医学。对于思想的话,原来是国内体制内的一个法医,叫有动字。他在他的本身的大姨,他的有一些观点也都被归类为医学,就是他的一些观点,也都是一些大杂烩,嗯,甚至包括了一些奥派经济学的思想。比如他提倡所谓自发秩序,就是澳派大师,他也有个所所见。所以这些思想也能够得出一些比较正确的结论,比较正确。比如他结构了大一统由传统思想认为那些分裂科技的时代,一场对经济和文化更加繁原的时代。但是这个思想看来,他仍然是而且他的其中也有一些原创的概念,现在得到了一个人的认认,甚甚至为了潮流流会汇如某当社社会或甚甚至些别或或伤害害无国民众的事件的时候,人类想到的一词词就刘建忠而最早用这种说法的人就是刘忠进,他借用了莫农民族的大批政权,帮助忠当献忠的是就是来为这种行为不名。因为建宪宗之所以在历史上分明,能够李自自成,并不是因为他对西朝政府或者者来来个人的认同,造成了多么大的伤害。那所有武功或是对自超民众的掠夺不行为与现在某些个人的社会边缘人物报复社会的行为非常大的认同逻辑非常的类似。还有一个词就是大家这能强的内卷。因为我关注他的时间比较早,在内卷这个词发型起到之前就时期的他思引他的经常提出这个概念。虽然以此和他的思想总的来说还是非常偏颇,非常小众的。因为他思仰的核心在于,也就是他的他曲解了哈耶克的自发秩序,认为所谓的秩序是由那些拥有暴力的学了一些暴力的拥有者要出来。虽然人类似于历史上的封建民族第八诸侯或者割据的藩镇。这些人手握兵权,拥有暴力和统治者,他们是所谓的秩序的突出者,从而他提出来一个非常抽象的概念,就是人类社会的秩序来源于他武德充沛的人就是秩序的突出者。这其实不过是平板的执政。虽然解构了明朝,中国是秦始皇以来的大一统架构,但不过是用一个更小的秦始皇,取代一个更大的秦始皇而已。而且对于思想的一个致命的逻辑漏洞也在于自然技术的突出者来源于武德充沛的人。那这些武德充沛资源之间也还是有自己差异的。即使推导下来,让这个武德最充沛的人理所当然就是成为所有数据的突出者,也就重新回归到了大一统治之下,就以他解构那一种思想的初衷相矛盾。当然呢,他的这套理论资源,他还发明了一套理论来解释资本主义的诞生。众所周知,不同建于资本主义社会来人类进了一个还富爆炸的年代。所谓一些被二十世纪以来有一些社会实践,以如用资本主义社会更先进的社会形式,取而代于推范这些实验,社会实验基本上不过于失败。如果能够证明资本主义与他所所指上的这种种有比多充沛的,就是突出者间的联系。第一,可以推广他理论受受众,毕竟这是一个强调暴力的理论,并不太适合现代社会。他论证就是资本主义发展于西欧最早的萌芽,应该是在意大利北部的这些商业城邦。所以他的理论就是甚至欧洲中世纪封建时代封建民主,对于加强和精干自己武力的需求。毕竟啊对于地区的工匠和手工业的发展,带动了对地区工匠和手工业的发展,军事工业的兴起,那资本主义的萌芽。虽然我对他的这一说法深感怀疑,嗯,以是还有没有现实的兴制,不知道如何反驳。最近看到一篇介绍奥派六庞克的解子和奥派思想的奥派叶华克的帖子可以看出,公正的奥派思想对资本主义产生原因的是儒学更合理的多多。它是以英国为例,这的在工业革命之前的英国,也就是五十六世纪。其实是欧洲的一个边缘,小国社会也是非常的贫缺。年前看电影阴旱的时候就可以展现出当时英国的贫衡状态展示低。而根据现在史料来看,当时英国的人口大约有六百万,其中四百万人都是对于。而且英国当时还发生了所谓的羊吃人的大量的失地,农民没有用来产品为无产者。而这些无产者数量大约在四百万人左右,占据了人口相当大的比例。而英国的政府国王对吧?极少数的各地穷民、穷人的机构,对吧?根本无法容纳更多。当时现在这种情况下,这些穷人当中更大数量的穷人当中也不乏头脑低迷之人,在城市之间经商逐渐经营起了变开始了英国的人候工业和商业,而这些产业有一个非常重殊的,相较于以往的工业是一个非常亮的地方,它它在之前城市、城市和农村子相对隔离的两世界。城市当中的和工业者完全是为贵族国王、贵族和民服务的,对重视流工进取,或者那些所谓的自己支出者。所以他们的产体质量少,这些精美占地的质量上不了规模。而这些由一列游民发展出来的产业生产的产品,则是面向和他们同样的普通的移动,所以它需要大量的生产就像虽然相当粗略,但是数量巨大,可以满足普通人的需求,给他很大程度上反映了这些无产者的生活水平。这种面向普通人的生产,恰恰才是真正的资本主义的特征。第三,讲,现在世界知名的大企业排名在头部的大企业,哪一家?你是为普通人提供服务的呢?那些奢侈品奢侈品品牌虽然名气很大,但公司规模绝对和这些紧急的大企业相提见触。所以像非统计学这种边缘思想的,比如选二十八。如果真的想了解现实。如果真想了解真正的思想和学习奥派意义。


互联网上有一些,互联网毕竟还是一个开放的中间,就有些非主流的思想在互联网上广播,这其中比较有影响力的小众,思想就是所谓的医学,对于思想的幻觉,原来是国内体制内的一个法律,叫做宗教,它对它的本身的大意,它的一些观点,也都被勾勒为医学,其实它那些观点也都是一些大杂烩,
这其中甚至包括了一些澳派经济学的思想,比如它启唱所谓自发秩序,这是澳派大师,他也做了所坚持,所以这些思想也能够夺出一些比较正确的结论,比较正确,比如它解构了大一统,
由传统思想作为那些分裂科技的时代,进场对经济和文化更加繁衍的时代,但是这个思想看来它仍然是,而且它的其中也有一些原创的概念,现在得到了越来越多人的认同,
甚至成为了潮流词汇,比如某当社会发现发生与差别,与或伤害无辜民众的事件的时候,人们想到的一个词就是建宗,而最早用这种说法的人就是刘宗毕,他借用了过农民帝的大西政权,张自忠,张建宗等是历史来为这种行为命名,
因为张建宗之所以在历史上农民能够与你自称,你并不是因为他对新潮,
政府或者后来入关的满清造成了这么大的伤害,那所有武功就是对新潮民众的阅读,
这行为与现在某些恶人的社会边缘人物报复社会的行为非常的类似,这个逻辑非常的类似,
还有一个词就是大家怎么想要内卷,因为我关注他的时间比较早,在内卷这个词,他提起到之前,就不停的他,
以免他的经常持续这个概念,虽然如此,作为他的思想,总的来说还是非常偏颇,非常享受的,
因为他的思想的核心在于,也就是他的把曲解了哈耶克的四八秩序,
他认为所有的秩序是由那些拥有暴力的,由那些暴力的拥有者弄出来的,
这样的人类似于历史上的宗殿民族,四八诸侯,或者说是个官政,
这些人手握金权,拥有暴力的,这些人手握金权,拥有暴力的,
他们是所谓的秩序的输出者,
从而他提出了一个非常抽象的概念,就是人类社会的秩序,来源于他五个充沛的人,就是秩序的输出者,
这其实不过是平板的理证,虽然解构了明朝,中国自秦始皇以来的大一统架构,
但不过是用些更小的秦始皇,取代一个更大的秦始皇而已,
而且这一思想的一个致命的逻辑漏洞,
而且这一思想的一个致命的逻辑漏洞,也在于,
虽然秩序的输出者,来源于五德充沛的人,
那这些五德充沛之人之间,也还是有具体差异的,
如此推达下来,那五德最充沛的人,也就当然是陈尔氏,
所有秩序的输出者,也就曾经所谓到了大一统秩序价值,
对于他解构大一统思想的时钟,当矛盾,
他在这套理论之人,他还发明了一套理论,让他解释资本主义的诞生,
正所说之,自从建于资本主义社会以来,
人类进了一个财富爆炸的年代,
所谓一些在二世纪以来,有一些社会实验,
企图用资本主义社会更先进的社会方式取而代之,
但这些社会实验基本上不过于失败,
如果能够正临资本主义与他所医学所提倡的这种,
由几个充沛的秩序输出者之间的联系,
如一可以推广韩立峥的受众,
毕竟这是一个强调暴力的,
理论并不太适合现代社会,
他的论证就是资本主义发源于西欧,
最早的萌芽应该是在意大利北部的那些商业城邦,
所以他的理论就是,
正是欧洲中世纪封建时代,
封建营主对于加强和精干自己武力的需求,
进行了对于地区的工匠和手工业的发展,
带动了这一批机工匠和手工业的发展,
提示工业的经济,资本主义的萌芽,
虽然我对
他的这一说法深讲白语,
但一直以来也没有确实的认知,
不知道如何反驳,
我最近看到一篇介绍澳派六堂课的帖子,
澳派执掌的澳派六堂课的帖子,
可以看出,
真正的澳派执掌对资本主义产生原因的是,
儒学比较不合理的多,
它是以英国为例最的,
在工业革命之前的英国,
也就是第56世纪,
其实是欧洲的一个边缘小城,
社会也是非常的齐全,
一年前看电影《银汉》的时候,
就可以展现出当时英国的贫穷状态感受,
而根据现在的史料来看,
当时英国的人口大约有600万,
其中400万人都是地银,
而且英国当时还发生了所谓的羊吃人的,
大量的湿地农民没有任何来场,
成为无产者,
而这些无产者,
数量大约在400万人左右,
算是人口相当大的比例,
而英国,
这个政府国王,
除了与少数的救济穷民与农民的机构之外,
根本无法容纳,
更无法当主委,
所以在这种情况下,
其实穷人当中,
更大数量的穷人当中,
也不乏头脑经营职员,
在城市之间,
经商逐渐经营起了,
经营起了一些手工业和商业,
而这些产业有一个非常不适合,
相较于以往的工业,
有一个非常强的地方,
在之前,
城市里,
城市里,
城市和农村是相对合理的两个世界,
城市当中的工业者完全是为贵族,
国王,
贵族和民族服务的,
对正式,
流动性和美类所谓的秩序,
支出者,
所以他们的产品数量少,
这个精美的数量少,
上不了规模,
而这些,
由一列游民发展出来的产品,
生产的产品,
则是面向和他们同样的,
普通的民众,
所以它需要大量的生产,
这项虽然,
相当粗略,
但是数量巨大,
能满足普通人的需求,
也在很大程度上,
改善了这些无产者的生活水平,
这种面向普通人的生产,
是大家才是真正的,
个人主义的特征,
刚刚讲现在世界知名的大企业,
排名在头部的大企业,
哪一家是对普通人提供服务的呢?
那些奢侈型奢侈品品牌,
虽然仪器很大,
但公司规模,
绝对和这些紧急的大企业,
相当实现出,
所以,
像非统计学这种中原思想的,
修行,
如果经常了解现实,
经常了解真正的思想,
随其奥派运行,


There are some Internet, after all, is still an open space, some non-mainstream ideas spread on the Internet, which is called influential minority ideas, is the so-called medicine. For thought, it turned out to be a forensic doctor in the domestic system, called Youzi. His aunt in his own right, some of his views were classified as medicine, and even some of his views were a hodgepodge of, well, even some Austrian economic ideas. For example, he advocated the so-called spontaneous order, which is the master of the Australian School, and he also had a view. Therefore, these ideas can also draw some relatively correct conclusions, which are relatively correct. For example, he framed unification as an era of technological fragmentation, an era of greater economic and cultural complexity. However, it seems that this idea is still true and there are some original concepts in it, which are now recognized by a person, even for the trend to converge on a certain social society or even some other or harmful events to the people of no country, the word that human beings think of is Liu Jianzhong, and the first person to use this expression is Liu Zhongjin. He borrowed much of the power of the Monon nation to help the loyalists in order to justify this behavior. This is because the reason why Jian Heon Jong was historically clear and able to become his own person was not because his identification with the Western Dynasty government or individuals caused great harm. That all martial arts or non-acts of plunder against the superpeople is very similar to the very large identification logic of some individuals on the fringes of society taking revenge on society today. There is also a word that you can strengthen the inner volume. Because I focused on him relatively early on, the term "inner curl" was used to refer to his thinking in the period before he often brought up the concept. Although this and his ideas in general are very biased, very minority. Because at the heart of his belief, which is his, is his perversion of Hayek's spontaneous order, that the so-called order is created by those who possess violence and have learned some violence. Although people similar to the history of the feudal nation of the eighth vassal or divided vassal. These people have military power, they have violence, they have rulers, they are the so-called outperformers of order, and so he puts forward a very abstract concept, that the order of human society comes from his armed men are the outperformers of order. This is nothing more than tablet governance. Although the Ming Dynasty was deconstructed, China was the unified structure since the first Emperor of Qin, but it only replaced a larger emperor with a smaller emperor. And a fatal flaw in the logic of thought is that natural technology comes from people who are full of martial arts. There are some differences between these resources. Even if it is deduced, it is natural that the person with the most martial virtues will become the breakout of all the data, and it will return to the rule of the freshman year, contradicting his original intention of deconstructing that kind of thought. And of course, his theoretical resources, he also invented a theory to explain the birth of capitalism. As we all know, different from the capitalist society, human beings have entered an era of wealth explosion. Some of the so-called social practices of the twentieth century, such as the use of more advanced forms of society in capitalist society, have been compared to these experiments, and social experiments have generally not failed too much. If it can be shown that capitalism has more than enough of the kind he refers to, it is the connection between the breakout. First, it can promote his theory to the audience, after all, it is a theory that emphasizes violence, which is not very suitable for modern society. He argued that the first stirrings of capitalism in Western Europe should have been in the commercial city-states of northern Italy. So his theory is that even the feudal democracies of medieval Europe had a need to strengthen and refine their armed forces. After all, the development of craftsmen and handicrafts in the region led to the development of craftsmen and handicrafts in the region, the rise of military industry, the germination of capitalism. Although I am deeply skeptical of his claim, well, there is no realistic idea how to refute it. As can be seen from a recent post on the solution of Opia-VI Punk and Opia-Yevak of Opia-VI thought, just Opia-ism has many reasons for capitalism that Confucianism is more reasonable. It takes the example of England, which is England before the Industrial Revolution, which is the fifty-sixth century. In fact, it is a fringe of Europe, and the small society is very poor. When we watched the film Yin Drought years ago, we could show the poor state of Britain at that time. According to current historical records, the population of Britain at that time was about six million, of which four million were unmarried. And there was also a massive loss of land in England at the time of the so-called sheep eating man, and the farmers were not using the produce for the proletarians. The number of these proletarians is about four million, accounting for a considerable proportion of the population. And the government of England is the king, right? Very few institutions for poor people, poor people everywhere, right? There is simply no room for more. Now, in this situation, a much larger number of these poor people, many of them poor people in the poor people, the business between the cities gradually changed the operation of the British human industry and commerce, and these industries have a very special, compared to the industry of the past is a very bright place, it is in the city, the city and the countryside before the relatively isolated two worlds. The urban and industrial people were entirely at the service of the noble king, the aristocracy, and the people, and attached great importance to the movement of workers, or those who were called self-spenders. Therefore, their production mass is small, and the quality of these exquisite land areas cannot be scaled. The products of these industries, developed by a line of vagrants, are oriented towards the same ordinary movements as they are, and therefore require a great deal of production, as rough as it is, in a great quantity, to satisfy the needs of the common man, and to give him a great reflection of the standard of living of these proletarians. This production for the common man is precisely the characteristic of true capitalism. Third, which of the world's most famous large enterprises ranks at the top? Do you provide services to ordinary people? Although the luxury brands are very famous, the size of the company is definitely comparable to these urgent large enterprises. So borderline ideas like non-statistics, like pick 28. If you really want to understand reality. If you really want to understand the real thought and learn the meaning of Austrian.

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Upvoted! Thank you for supporting witness @jswit.

中英对照?高端

长见识了

good