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Main types of bicycles

Today there are four main types of bicycles: city, road, mountain and special (trials, children ...). Every other type of bikes are "hybrid" combinations of these four types.

In general, the combination of the size (diameter) of the wheel, the number and type of shock absorbers almost unambiguously determines the class to which the bike itself belongs, although there are exceptions.

By the number of shock absorbers, bicycles are divided into the following classes :

Rigid bike

Bicycle without shock absorbers. So for example, shock absorbers are never put on road bikes and BMX bikes. It can also be a city bike or an initial model of a mountain bike. This is often either a specialized sports device or an entry-level bike on which the fork is missing for the sake of economy

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Today - the most common type of bicycle, the suspension fork makes the bike more manageable (especially off-road), and the ride is more comfortable. Depending on the purpose of the bike, the fork travel can be from 30 to 300mm.
Catalog of bicycles with front shock

Absorber (Full Suspension)

Bicycle with front and rear shock absorber. Bicycles in this class range from comfortable city bikes, ultra-light full-suspension with low travel shock absorbers for cross-country, and heavy "machines" for downhill ("Down Hill"). This, often, is either a specialized sports apparatus or a bicycle for a comfortable ride over short distances.
Bicycle catalog with two shock absorbers

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Softtail (SoftTail)

Bicycle with a front suspension fork, in which the rear triangle stays have a special geometry for additional cushioning. Sometimes short-stroke shock absorbers are installed instead of such feathers. These are usually very expensive and specialized cross-country sport bikes.

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There are also shock absorbers in the seatpost and stem, which are installed mainly on city bikes and other bicycles for a comfortable ride.