An active city 24 hours extends the economy hours of a city, generating more jobs, activities and social solidarity. But there are also disadvantages.
In a 2011 study of 24-hour cities in the world, Cairo was rated as "more than 24 hours". Just behind the capital of Egypt came Montevideo, Beirut, six Spanish cities (Malaga, Zaragoza, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Seville) and Buenos Aires. London was ranked 17, Paris 18 and New York 32.
Almost no city is open 24 hours a day all year round, said Marion Roberts, a professor of urban design at the University of Westminster in London. Extend the dawn time to expand the economic time of a city, Roberts said, but there are also disadvantages. "In the UK, Europe and Australia, most of the 24-hour pace has provided more entertainment, with [drawbacks] for those living in the city center unless it is carefully managed," Roberts said. co-author of the 2009 book Plan the city at night. "However, it generates more jobs, activities and social solidarity."
General concerns about staying awake all night are related to noise, traffic and alcohol consumption. In Washington DC, where city officials are debating the benefits of extending the hours of the night, some politicians and residents are against the idea because they think it will also lead to an increase in crime.
And the worries do not disappear. For example, a 2010 World Health Organization survey found that New York was the noisiest city in the world, followed by Tokyo, Nagasaki and Buenos Aires. Moreover, the Institute of Alcohol Studies found that during the 24 hours economic activity in the city was strongly associated with the consumption of alcohol, a conclusion that Roberts in his own study from 2005 comes from the city of 24 hours, saying that it "was not a desirable urban philosophy for the 21st century". It is interesting that in the same study of 2005, "Conflicts of coexistence in the city 24 hours", in which Roberts and his colleague Chris Turner studied the nightlife of Soho in London, the police statistics do not report higher crime rates, but the noise level and traffic is higher than in other parts of the city.
"The main problems," says Roberts, "is to allow more people in urban and city centers to live in quality accommodation, because according to the newspaper this can support a different kind of economy: live, do not just go out and have fun."
Regardless of the appearance, an economic night depends on the work of one night. Employees in the night shift are more likely to develop sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders, cancer, diabetes, depression and many other health problems. "Our bodies and brains are designed to rest during the day and at night," says David W. Ballard, director of the Psychological Healthy Workplace Program of the American Psychological Association. "When you use natural circadian rhythms, it affects memory, reaction time, concentration, motivation and sleep patterns and chronic fatigue." It has a negative influence on the work performance, which increases the number of accidents and work errors.
Labor laws differ from country to country; In American law For example, there are almost no special restrictions on night work, while in Spain night work is permitted for night workers, but almost always the responsibility lies with the employer to control it. working conditions at night.
There are several steps that employers can take to do this, said Ballard, including: ordering breaks during services, scheduling more burdensome work before the start of the service, ensuring that employees have access to healthy food choices, on-site exercises to be able to do this, provide funds for childcare and involve employees in switching decisions. For example, in the casinos of Las Vegas, hourly breaks that are often included in shifts as a result of health research show that more frequent breaks can be more useful than a longer break.
"Creating a healthy working environment is not a good thing ... it's smart," he said, "because it could lead to" better quality of products and services, better performance, higher productivity, lower absenteeism, lower sales figures. "less access.
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