Jerusalem in the Middle East, the world's oldest and one of the most important and problematic city. Both Israel and Palestine, Jerusalem claiming that their capital. Jerusalem, the three monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam holy city was the center of these three religions throughout history is the battleground. Wailing Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Masjid al-Aqsa, the name of the city of Jerusalem with a very important religious and historical structures such as the Temple Mount Arabic al-Quds (القدس), I Hebrew Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם), English Jerusalem. Capital and political situation in Israel have disputed the official government buildings in the city but the capital does not recognize the country as establishing embassies. Cities today are in Israeli sovereignty, East JerusalemLocated hand history of the walls inside the Old City, Jewish, Muslim, Christian and Armenian regions are divided into four. In this article about Jerusalem you will find and details.
Information about Jerusalem
Mediterranean and the Dead Sea is among the city's north. Modern Western region including East Jerusalem 857 000, 987 400 people with the environment population has and 125.1 sq km area. Throughout the history of Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, he attacked dozens of times and suffered occupation. Has an important place in the history of world civilization, not a single ancient city's geography with two stuck between Egypt and Mesopotamia; Jews, Christians and Muslims are writing their own history. Historians, archaeologists, theologians, and a rich resource for travelers and attention. Samir Jerusalem throughout history, Egypt, Canaan, Jewish, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, Greek, Sassanid, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk, Ottoman, British and managed under Arab rule.
Today the original referred to as the Old City of Jerusalem, surrounded by walls edges of a square about one km in length. Both the Old City with seven gates in the closed state, northern Damascus Gate is divided into four parts by two main streets intersecting at the center starting from the western gate of Jaffa. North eastern part Muslim, part Christian north-western, south eastern and south western part Jewish quarter Armenians in case the neighborhood.
Religion and Population Data
Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics figures, the population of Jerusalem, according to the census held in 2015 857 800. 524.700 Jews in this population, 307.300 Muslims, 12,400 Christians live. 8,680,000 people Israel 74.7% in the Jewish population, 20.8% and 4.5% in other Arab (Baha'i, Christian non-Arab, French, Ukrainian , Russian, Armenian etc.) are ethnic peoples. 44% in terms of secular Israeli Jews themselves religious, 11% religious, very religious 9% (ultra-Orthodox), 36% describe him as an atheist.
Holy Jerusalem Why?
Today, the walls of Old Jerusalem, the UNESCO World Heritage List of World Heritage in Danger and also between. Modern Jerusalem has expanded beyond the borders of the Old City.
Muslims
Al-Quds is the third most holy city for Sunni Muslims. Islam in Jerusalem, according to the Quran and Qibla was a period of 10 years after the Prophet Muhammad Miraj came from this city.
Jewry
Jerusalem, according to the holy city for Jews, because the holy book of David king of Israel, Jerusalem was first built as the capital of BC United Kingdom of Israel and his son King Solomon's First Temple founded in the city.
Christianity
The holiness of Jerusalem for Christians, after the crucifixion of Jesus according to the Bible in this city 300 years and pilgrimage comes from determining the point in the life of Jesus, St. Helena. Although a small area of the Old Town, with lots of places with religious significance.
Interesting Facts About Jerusalem
So much was made throughout the history of wars for the domination of the holy city.
150,000 people worked in the building of the First Temple.
First Temple from the rest of the Western Wall (the Western Wall) are burned each year more than a million notes attached paper collected.
Jews are a majority in 1840, and they always stay that way.
There are more than two thousand active archaeological site.
Mount of Olives is the oldest cemetery still in use, there are more than 150,000 Jewish graves.
1578 in the holy city in the desert has many public parks and gardens.
the world's first computerized Hadassah Hospital in hip replacement surgery was performed.
More than thirty years, the festival is held.
70 cultural centers and 60 museums in poetry, art, cinema , literature and the performing arts are taught.
The only city where a combination of 15 different Christian communities live.
Christians in the Middle Ages were banned from entering Jerusalem, after ban lifted Muslims.
The Temple Mount to pray at the holiest place of the Jewish religion prohibited according to Israeli law.
There are 26 wine production facility.
The famous actor Natalie Portman was born in Jerusalem.
Eleven percent of foreign homeowners in Jerusalem.
There are 400 high-tech company.
Israeli troops girls going to 2 years.
After these interesting note about Jerusalem continue.
History of Jerusalem
Finds of the Copper Age life in the city, if the settlement shows that there are in the Bronze Age. According to some archaeologists Jerusalem, in the year 2600 before Christ by Northwest Semites was established as a regular residential location. First residential areas, were in Ofelia Hill. King David conquered the city, while Egyptian domination, and the United Kingdom of Israel and later became the capital of the kingdom of Judah; son Solomon, Solomon's Temple, which is extremely important for the Jews (the First Temple) was built.
Jerusalem's Old Salem along, Shali I, Jebus, Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Uruşel I, Jerusalem was, Maqdis, Bayt al-Bible, Bayt al-Maqdis, Ilya, Eyli to, Yerushalayim, Hierusale I, Yeruşle I, Urişle I, Ursalina I, Oholib, Zion, Iran-David , Yebus, Sion, Ilya, Madinat Beyti'l-Bible, Ilia, Al-Balat, Medinet's Hi, Daru's-Salem, Jerusalem-Sharif, took the names of al-Quds. In the name of peace and sacred meanings in all languages. The following table shows the army in the siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD the Romans and the destruction of Titus command is played.
History of Old Jerusalem
Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian , Greek , Roman and Byzantine rule, the city was Christianized Roman Emperor Constantine the remaining period of hundreds of years and has been banned from entering the Jews. Byzantium, Persia and changed hands in the last war between the Sassanid Empire. In 638 the Muslims took the city Caliphate management. Year of construction unknown Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock 687-691 years (Qubbat As-Sakhrah) was built. The importance of the city during the ongoing year decreased by 400.
In 1099 he expelled the native Christian population Fatimid leaders from Jerusalem. Then the Crusaders enter a town protected by a strong attack, it killed many Muslims and Jews. Greek Crusaders to prevent the return of the remaining Jewish and Muslim life in establishing the kingdom of Jerusalem, Bulgarian , Hungarian , Georgian , Armenian, Syrian, Egyptian, Nestorians, Maronites and place the others, the population was 30,000.
In 1187, Saladin took Jerusalem from the hands of the Crusaders and the Jews with the Muslims gave the city permission to return again. They were allowed to remain in the Eastern Christian population. In the Ayyubid dynasty, new structures were built, but has lost its importance because Quds-i-Sharif and bloody conflict has become almost a village. The year 1244 was the Khwarezm Tatars plundered the city, massacred Christians expelled the Jews. Eyyübiler 1247 in the holy city was occupied by the Mamelukes in 1250. wars with the Crusaders took place.
Ottoman History of Jerusalem
Jerusalem and its environs in 1517 entered the Ottoman Sultan Selim era domination and the Turkish domination lasted for 400 years until 1917. Jerusalem-Sharif, rich management Suleiman the Magnificent, lived the last period with peace and repair. Huge walls surrounding the city was rebuilt. During the Ottoman rule Jerusalem remained as a province and an important religious center. The Ottoman Empire brought many innovations to the holy city; modern mail system used by embassies, postal and transport vehicles, it was the beginning of the modernization of the city. In the mid-19th century the Ottomans, in 1892 was the first paved road stretching from Jaffa to Jerusalem.
Germany Jerusalem's population was 16,410 in 1845, according to the Consulate; 7120 Jews, 5000 Muslims, 3390 Christians lived 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans. The number of Christian pilgrims grew under Ottoman rule. The city's population has doubled during Thanksgiving. 1860s began to form a new neighborhood outside the old city, located in the old town area because not enough as the Great Wall and disease raged from the crowd. Russian campuses and education Miskenot Sa'adi was established in this period. Each year between 5000 and 6000 meant the Russian Christian pilgrims to the city. Yerushalayim create the majority of Jews in the city were also recorded for the first time in this period.
In 1874 Jerusalem was a province with special authority. Syria cut off from the province became a city directly connected to Istanbul. Until 1880 there was no official orphanage in Jerusalem. That's because the family was look at each other. the first orphanage in Jerusalem Diskin Orphanage was founded in 1881. The reason for the establishment of this orphanage, Jewish children who survived the Russian Pogromu was coming to Jerusalem. Zion Orphanage Blumthental the early twentieth century (1900) and an orphanage for girls (1902), was established.
British Management Period
In 1917, after the Battle of Jerusalem, the UK Army General Edmund Allenby led British troops occupied the city. At the Lausanne Conference in 1922, the League of Nations (UN), the United Kingdom Mandate Palestine, Jordan and Iraq handed over the management of the mandate. From 1922 until 1948, the city has a population of 52,000, reaching 165,000. If two-thirds Jewish and one-third of this population was Muslim and Christian Arabs.
friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine took place. Arab uprisings between 1920 and 1929 took place in Jerusalem. Under British rule, the new suburbs and the city's western and northern parts of the Hebrew University was founded.
1948 Arab-Israeli War and Secession
Near the end of the UK government, the United Nations Department of Plan 1947, suggested that a different international regime in Jerusalem. According to the plan under the auspices of the United Nations will be divided city, Beit Lahia-ul he was also in the international regime would be in force for 10 years and would decide on the regime with the people in a referendum at the end of 10 years. Plan 1948 Arab-Israeli War could not enter because of the force. The British withdrew from Palestine and Israel declared its independence. The war has led to the displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city.
Jewish sector with the invasion of the Arab legion on May 28, 1500 people were expelled from their lands and several hundred people were convicted. At the end of the war, Israel seized the two settlements on the Arab region. About 30,000 people came to the refugee situation. 1948 war was caused by the division of Jerusalem. We stayed in the old walled city surrounded by the Jordanian side. It created a neutral zone between East and West Jerusalem in November 1948. Israeli forces control of Moshe Dayan and Jordan commander Abdullah el-Tell which meet the agreed position on a map. This drawn map was the basis for the distribution of the official border although a ceasefire in 1949.
After the establishment of Israel was proclaimed as the capital of Jerusalem and Jordan occupied East Jerusalem in 1950 and was declared as the second capital of Jordan in 1953. Only the British and the Palestinians recognized the Jordanian rule. After 1948, the old walled city, east of the armistice lines completely, stayed in the hands of Jordan.
Jordan has control of all the holy places, and unlike the ceasefire rules forbade Jews to the holy places and cause damage to the part. Jordan only some Christians, has agreed to the holy places for Christians. Half of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, was converted into a barn or poultry. The Israeli side of the historic cemeteries built in 1964 broke a place to park and toilets. Many historic buildings were destroyed and religious significance and modern buildings were built in their places.
1967 Six Day War and Mergers
Six-Day War 'in (Hebrew מלחמת ששת הימים, Milhemet Sheshet Ha-Yami I. In Arabic Ḥarb'el-eyyam'es-Situ) Israeli military forces in East Jerusalem, seized has increased its management power over East Jerusalem on June 27, 1967 he included the Jerusalem municipality. In 1980, the Israeli Parliament (the Knesset) approved the Law on Jerusalem and Jerusalem was the undivided capital of Israel. Citizenship to the Arabs in the city, was given a permanent residence permit who do not want. After the Six Day War Jerusalem's population increased by 196%. 155% of the Jewish population and the Arab population has increased 314%. Jewish population was 74% in 1967 and 72% in 1980 and 2010, 68% in year 2000 fell 64%.
Today Jerusalem
and especially the condition of the city's holy places, is located in the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The State of Israel has approved construction plans in the Muslim quarter of the Old City to the East increased the Jewish population in Jerusalem. claiming that the Islamic leaders have no ties to the Jews of Jerusalem, the Wailing Wall 2500 years (the Western Wall, Kotel, Ḥa'iṭ al-Buraq), they say, was built as a mosque wall. Founded in 2000 by a team of experts, Ehud Barak, came to the conclusion that the city should be split.
Strong yearning and desire for peace, the Peace Statue artist named Yigal Tumarkin (agricultural tools made from weapons components) is represented by. Sculpture, overlooking the Old City walls, is near the former Israeli-Jordanian border, the Arabic and Hebrew are excerpts from the book of Isaiah. Russia and China , recognize East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine. According to the resolution No. 58/292 of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the Palestinians have sovereignty over East Jerusalem.
Jerusalem Management
Today, the status of Jerusalem is one of the most important issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 1948 Arab-Israeli War, West Jerusalem to Israel seized East Jerusalem and Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967, the post was occupied. Today, Israel's laws, until Jerusalem is Israel's eternal "indivisible capital" are considered. The international community pass and end the occupation, East Jerusalem, which describes itself as the borders of Palestine under Israeli occupation. Yerushalayim practice does not identify Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in the international community if the capital of Israel and has no embassies in Jerusalem. Only recently, in the US the US Embassy in Tel Aviv and recognizes the president announced that it would move to Jerusalem as the capital.
According to the Palestinian Central Statistical Institute, according to the 208,000 Palestinians living in East Jerusalem and the Palestinian National Authority in this city will be the capital of the future Palestinian state will be established. All government agencies include the State of Israel in Jerusalem. These include the Knesset (Israeli Parliament), Supreme Court and the Prime Minister and Presidential Mansions. Yerushalayim Hebrew University and the Israel Museum in the city. Many tourist and historical sites, the holy city attracts millions of tourists every year. Lots of hotels and Kibbutz , offers a variety of accommodation facilities.
Weather and Climate
Jerusalem effective Mediterranean climate, dry and hot summer weather, cool and rainy winter passes. Soon the snowfalls, takes place one or two times during the winter and is experiencing a heavy snowfall in three to four years. The average temperature of the coldest month and January 9 degrees; 4 night, during the day 13 degrees. The hottest months are July and August, the average temperature 24C; 18 per night, 28-30 degrees during the day is going. In April weather in spring night 10 degrees, 21 degrees during the day. The summers are dry, rain is falling between January and May and Jerusalem sees about 3400 hours of sunshine a year.
Hebrew University
Founded in 1925, I visited my Hebrew University of Jerusalem ( האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים , Universite Ha-ha-Ivrit bi-Yerushalayim), among the world's top 100 schools. The Board of Directors, Sigmund Freud and found the famous Jewish scientists such as Albert Einstein. University has trained many Nobel Prize winner's name; Avram Hershko recently, David Gross and Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize. There are five million books in the National Library of Israel in the university. Hebrew University, Rehovot one, three, with four campuses in Jerusalem: Mount Scopus, the Giv'at Ram and Hadassad Medical Campus in Ein Kerem Hospital. Agriculture at the Hebrew University, Middle East studies, Jewish studies, it is possible to get a master's degree in English in Islamic issues.
I have visited the Hebrew University's Givat Ram Campus Belmonte Science Laboratories Center, in high school in Jerusalem was established to raise the level of scientific training. Which it costs $ 3.5 million in the center, trying instructors and technicians of the university. Jews and Arabs in Jerusalem, religious and students from schools that are doing experiments with secular education. Applied training center in Jerusalem Foundation and the Joseph Meyerhoff Youth Center for Advanced Studies, of Beit Youth Hostel Brett and Bernard M. Bloomfield Science Museum is also hosting the Hebrew University's Youth Science Complex named youth science facility.
Al-Quds University
Al-Quds University (Jami'at Al-Quds) was founded in 1984 and began teaching Arabic and the Palestinians. University describes itself as the only Arab university in Jerusalem. Bard College in New York and joined Al-Quds University, Yasser Arafat's office building was built and founded a college, including the Palestinian parliament. The College offers a master's program on education. an educational institution that combines religious studies with secular education, starting from primary school.
Jerusalem College of Technology
The Jerusalem College of Technology (PL Academic Center) Founded in 1969, the main campus is located in the Givat Mordechai neighborhood, religion-oriented institution of higher education. Electronic Engineering, Applied Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Computer Software Engineering, Computer Science, Industrial Engineering, Nursing, Accounting and Information Systems, degree in Pedagogical Formation section; MBA in Telecommunications Systems Engineering branch and gives postgraduate education. Middle school and high school; There are research institutes from Jewish Yeshiva.
culture
Although famous for its religious significance of Jerusalem all over the world, it is also very rich in art and culture. Annually, an average of 1 million people visited the Israel Museum ( מוזיאון ישראל , Muze'o Yisrael) many archaeological finds, Israel exhibited works of art and famous Dead Sea Scrolls. Ruth Youth Wing, doing many exhibitions hosted, children and young people to offer a comprehensive art program. Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem, is the first archaeological museums in the Middle East in 1938, was built during the British rule.
Founded in the year 1940, Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra (Tizmoret ha-ha-ha-Simfonit Yerushalayim Rashut Shidu) gives concerts worldwide. The city's International Convention Center, located at the entrance (to Binyane Hau), the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (Tizmoret ha-ha-ha-Filharmonit Yisre'elit ) is hosting. Since 1961 Israel Festival performed, performing many activities both at home and abroad. TELBA in Jerusalem Theater district, around 150 concerts a year, is hosting the show for various dances and foreign artists.
In 2009, al-Quds, was proclaimed as the capital of Arab culture. Palestinian National Theater (Al-hakawati), helps to protect the Palestinian Arab culture and the arts. Edward Sayid National Music Conservatory , is sponsoring the Palestinian Children's Orchestra. Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, with many historic Islamic monuments. The State of Israel supports the Arab cultural activities legally and financially. Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Center (JICC) and supports Jewish cultural partners participate effectively by Palestinians.
Jerusalem Middle Eastern Music and Arts Center It is open to both the Arab Jews, performing several workshops. Thus supports the Jewish-Arab dialogue through art. Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra, offers both European classical music as well as works from Middle Eastern music. Opened in 2006 Jerusalem Road, passing a walking path around the many cultural areas and national parks located around Jerusalem.