String theorists elide a paradox about black holes by extinguishing the walls of fire feared to surround them.NASA Despite the ability to bend both mind and space, an Einstein black hole looks very simple, a child can draw it. There is a central point, a perfect spherical boundary a little farther away, and that's it
The bottom line is the singularity, a dense, incredibly dense dot, so unimaginable that anything close to it falls flat, leaving a vacuum. The spherical boundary marks the event horizon, pointing to no return between the vacuum and the rest of the universe. But according to Einstein's fascinating theory, event horizons are not something that an unlucky astronaut will immediately notice if she overcomes it. "It's like the horizon outside your window," said Samir Mathur, a physicist at Ohio State University. "If you really go through that, nothing at all."
However, in 2012, this tender picture caught fire. A group of four physicists took a first puzzle given by Stephen Hawking about what happens to all the information falling into the black hole, and turning it on its head. Instead of emphasizing that a cosmonaut (often named Alice) goes smoothly on the event horizon, they prioritize a major proposition of quantum mechanics: Information, such as matter and energy, does not. ever destroyed. That change ended up boosting the event horizon from the mathematical boundary to the physical object, something they named the firewall.
"It can not be empty, and it turns out to be a lot of stuff, a lot of hot stuff," said Donald Marolf, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and one of four co-authors. The argument caused an uproar in the theoretical physics community, just as the mappers proposed that instead of an imaginary line on their map, the Earth's equator was actually a wall bright red brick.
However, structural information at the boundary does not shock Mathur. For more than a decade, he has argued that black holes are actually strings (from string theory) with hot, translucent surfaces. "When you get closer and closer it gets hotter and hotter, and that's the cause of the fire," he explained.
In recent years, Mathur has refined his "fuzzy" description, and his most recent calculations have provided good news for Alice. Although she does not live long and healthy, the heat of the horizon may not be what she does.
Fuzzballs are what you get when you apply string theory, a description of the nature of wire replacement, to incredibly dense objects. Energize a bead and it can only speed up, but straining and swelling is good. Scalability, combined with additional flexibility from added sizes, makes the chain shuffled when enough of it is packaged into a small space. They form a distant, fuzzy balloon that resembles a common black hole - it is about the same size (for a given mass) and produces the same type of "Hawking radiation" that all black holes emit. out. As a reward, the surface is slightly bumpy changing the way it emits particles and reduces Hawking's puzzle, Mathur says. "It's like a planet," he said, "and it radiates from that surface like anything else."
Olena Shmahalo / Quanta Magazine His new work extends the argument from 2014, which asks Alice what to do if she falls into a super-large ball like the heart of our galaxy - one with millions of suns. In such situations, gravity dominates all others. Assuming this constraint, Mathur and his colleagues discovered that an Alice particle came almost incapable of smashing into a radioactive particle of Hawking radiation. The surface may be hot, he said, but the way the fuzzballs expand to swallow the new material prevents anything close enough to burn, so Alice should make it onto the surface.
In response, Marolf suggested that a medium-sized fuzzball could still bake Alice in other ways. It will not pull her so fast, and in a collision of lower energies, forces other than gravity can sing her too.
Mathur's team recently gave a more detailed view of Alice's experience with new calculations published in the Journal of High Energy Physics. They concluded that with a modest blur of mass - as large as our sun - the overall chance of an Alice particle collide with a slightly higher radiation particle than before, but still very close to zero. . Their work suggests that you will have to shrink a dimmed ball a thousand times smaller than the size of a nano before burning.
By allowing Alice to access the surface more or less (she will still experience a non-controversial and potentially fatal stretch), the theory may even end up restoring Einstein's image of smooth lines crossing the border, though in twisted form. There may be a script in which Alice gets splashed on the surface while simultaneously feeling as though she is falling through open space, no matter what it means.
"If you jump [fuzzballs] in a description, you break into small strings. It's a splat image, "Mathur said. We often assume that when her particles start to shatter, Alice is no longer Alice. However, a bizarre dualism in string theory, which allows her strings to spread over the fuzzball in an orderly manner to preserve their connections, and, perhaps, their consciousness. "If you look closely at what [strings] are doing," Mathur continued, "they are really spreading in a very coherent ball."
The details of Mathur's image are still rough. And the model is based entirely on the mechanics of string theory, a mathematical framework with no empirical evidence. Moreover, not even string theory can handle the clutter of actual fuzzballs. Instead, physicists focus on fake examples such as highly organized, extremely cold-set bodies with extreme features, Marika Taylor, a string theorist at the University of Southampton in England. , said.
Mathur's calculations are discovering, she says, approximating generalizations from the common features of simple models. The next step is a theory that can describe the surface of the fuzzball at the quantum level, from the perspective of the string. However, she agrees that the hot-fire idea always smells of fish from a standpoint of string theory. "You suddenly switched from 'I'm completely happy' to 'Oh my God, I was completely destroyed'? That is not satisfactory, "she said.
Marolf restricted the comment on the latest results until he had finished discussing with Mathur, but said he wanted to learn more about how other forces were calculated and how the matte surface would react to the visit. Alice. He also pointed out that Mathur's black hole model was just one of many tactics to solve Hawking's puzzle, and there was no guarantee that anyone would hit the right quiz. "Maybe the real world is more crazy than what we thought," he said, "and we're not smart enough."
Charlie Wood is a journalist who includes developments in both physical and alien physics. His work has appeared in Scientific American, The Christian Science Monitor and LiveScience, among others. Previously, he taught physics and English in Mozambique and Japan, and he holds a bachelor's degree in physics from Brown University.
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