"The use of metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery systems has significant advantages, such as increased stability and half-life of drug carrier in circulation, required biodistribution, and passive or active targeting into the required target site."
"Conjugation of targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides or sequence of nucleic acid to target tissue or specific disease organ is mainly associated with surface chemistry of MNPs [22, 23]. Functionalized MNPs deliver the therapeutic drugs effectively by substantially increasing drug payload to the site of action into specific cells with minimal adverse effects, thereby diagnosis and treatment occur at the cellular level [24, 25]."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x
"the antigen to which the immune system responds is a relatively small number of amino acids or peptide."
https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/synthetic-peptide-vaccines
"a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies."
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html
"the tissues lining the surface of the nose, mouth, and eyes are mucous membranes (or a thin lining of cells that secrete mucus), which are an easier way for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, to enter."
https://health-desk.org/articles/if-you-can-get-covid-19-through-your-nose-and-mouth-why-not-your-ears