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The main function of a computer fan is to remove heat and replace it with fresh air into the system. This cooling fan has been designed to be suitably placed on the motherboard or hard disk drive. There are about 3 or 4 fan blades on the CPU. 

There are also computers that have been specifically designed to have an extra fan attached to a computer case made of aluminum, however, the fan is not enough to reduce the heat generated by the CPU so the CPU cooling fan must be installed, especially for computers that are used between 12 up to 15 hours a day so that the fan will not be enough to provide adequate air ventilation. Therefore the cooling fan for the CPU is designed and has been proven to be able to reduce heat generated by the CPU even though the computer is operated for a long time.

The secret to this question lies within the question itself.

Cooling fans simply cool the essential, heat producing components of a computer. 

And if you are curious as to why this is necessary, simply put, heat destroys components once the temperature reaches a certain point. The temperature of catastrophic failure can vary from component to component, and vary with different architectures, and brands, but the theme resonates the same with all components. A safe, operable temperature must be maintained for a computer to function properly, and without components to cool a computer, most systems will inevitably overheat.

The cooling fans on a computer are in place to keep the internal components cool and to promote airflow within the case.  Many electronic components run very hot.  For example when you place that many transistors so close together on a CPU chip the resulting heat can be immense.  Having fans in your computer to ensure that everything keeps cool will allow your computer to continue running smoothly.