Introducing Proof-of-concept Tungsten for dApplication level Governance

来介绍一下用于dApp层面治理的Tungsten（PoC）

While decentralization is the ultimate goal for blockchain projects, in the current state of blockchain affairs it’s more of an end goal than a starting point. There are still a lot of issues that need to be ironed out in order for a governance system to work properly. When time is of the essence a system like arbitration doesn’t work, because when you wait too long the damage has already been done. The ultimate resolution of the governance system failures might take a lot of time and effort. Security should always be more important than governance, because it is the base of a good blockchain project and governance is a nice addition.



The three different actors in the EOS community, being the 21 block producers, arbitrators and token holders, should all agree on a satisfiable solution to the current governance issues in order to move forward and show the world what they are building/supporting.



[Source](https://medium.com/@LindaCrypto/eos-governance-issues-explained-and-the-current-state-of-affairs-75d2847ee8b9)

虽然去中心化是区块链项目的基本目标，但在目前区块链的情况下，它更像是一个最终目标而不是起点。要使治理系统正常工作，还有许多问题需要解决。当时间很重要时，像仲裁这样的制度就不起作用了，因为损失在你有时间处理之前已经造成了。治理系统故障的最终解决可能需要花费大量的时间和精力。安全应该总是比治理更重要，因为这是好的区块链项目必不可少的因素，治理则让它变得更完善。



EOS社区三个不同的角色，即21个BP、仲裁者和token持有者，都应该就当前治理问题让可满足的解决方案达成一致，以便向世界展示整个社区正在构建/支持什么。



[来源](https://medium.com/@LindaCrypto/eos-governance-issues-explained-and-the-current-state-of-affairs-75d2847ee8b9)

EOS is always termed as the governed block-chain which has its own constitution and an arbitration forum ECAF to enforce it. The idea of including an arbitration forum on the base layer was to establish trust between the individuals and businesses. The very first set of rulings by ECAF, raised many questions on forums power and subjective arbitration. Looking at the missing boundaries, Block One called for an end to all arbitration orders other than to render non-binding opinions on the intent of the code.

EOS被认定为“受治理的区块链”，它有自己的公约（constitution）和一个仲裁论坛ECAF来执行治理方面的事务。在基层建立仲裁论坛的想法是在个人和企业之间这个层面来建立信任。ECAF的第一批裁决让一些论坛权力和主观仲裁的问题浮出水面。看看这时候缺失的边界，Block One选择呼吁终止所有仲裁命令，而不是对代码的意图提出不具约束力的意见。

The proposal intention was to shift the governance structure from the base layer to dApplication layer with clearly defined objectives. Also, it was proposed that block producers act as jury only in case of freezing or replacing a broken contract.

这个提议的意图是将治理结构从基础层转移到具有明确目标的dApp层（即去中心化应用层）。此外有人建议，只有在冻结或更换违约合同的情况下，BP才有担任陪审团角色的资格。

To enforce the dApplication layer disputes outside the scope of “intent of code is law”, we at EOSMetal have developed a Proof of Concept of Bond based arbitration with defined boundaries (objective) and penalties. The bond could help make claimable promises to establish trust and gain visibility.

为了执行超出了“代码是法律的意图”的范围之外dApp层面的纠纷，我们EOSMetal开发了一个定义边界(目标)和惩罚的基于仲裁的Bond（PoC阶段）。这样的Bond可以帮助可要求的承诺建立信任和获得知名度。

Daniel Larimer envisioned base layer arbitration to be very different than what it is now. ECAF was just liable to give opinions not rulings, which may or may not be followed by Block Producers. The idea was to give no one the supreme powers.

Daniel Larimer设想的基础层仲裁与现在的仲裁有很大的不同，ECAF只是负责发表意见，而不是裁决，这可能也不能确定是否是BP需要遵循的。这样的想法是不给任何人最高权力。

To place proper check and balances on the misuse of the power by Arbitration forums, the proceedings were ought to transparent, on-chain and open for judgment by the community. As it is unwise to share the details of the disputes looking at current scenarios, a layer of opaqueness adds to the actions of arbitrators which weakens checks and are subjected to get corrupt over time.

对仲裁机构职权进行适当的制约和平衡，应当在社区公开、透明、在链上地进行仲裁。鉴于从当前的情况来看，公布纠纷的细节是不明智的，因此不透明的范围增加一层，就会让仲裁员的行动加深一步，这可能会导致检查的削弱，随着时间的推移整个局面会趋向于腐败。

Our arguments against Base layer arbitration

1.Enforceability — Opinions rendered by Arbitrator are needed to analyze by Block producer. The judgments by Block Producers are mostly dependent on getting votes i.e they could be swayed in favor of large voters. If Base layer forums are binding and are enforceable, we feel that’s too much power in the hands of forums and check and balances become difficult.

2.If the protocol layer has many arbitration forums, then BPs may find it difficult to enforce the awards i.e we may not want to freeze any accounts just because an arbitrator says so.

3.We believe enforcement of any subjective claims should be enforced by third-party arbitrators and should not have any involvement of Block Producers unless disputes are related to fixing the code.

4.Scalability — with many disputes arising, the community/ the Block Producers may find it difficult to have proper check and balances which might lead to corruption or abuse of power in long-term.

5.Absence of well-defined Jurisdiction.

我们不同意基础层面的仲裁

1、可执行性——仲裁员提出的意见需要由BP们进行分析。而BP们有判断的权利主要是依赖于选票，即他们可能会倾向于持有大票仓的选民。如果基础层面的论坛是有约束力的，并且是可执行的，我们觉得这样的论坛权利过大，导致在审查和平衡之中变得进退两难。

2、如果协议层有许多仲裁论坛，那么BP们可能会发现难以执行裁决，即我们可能不想冻结任何账户，但仅仅因为仲裁员说要这么做，我们就需要照办。

3、我们认为，任何主观主张的执行都应由第三方仲裁员来执行，除非争议与规范的修订有关，否则不应涉及BP。

4、可扩容性——由于存在许多争议，社区/BP们可能发现很难进行适当的审查和平衡，这可能导致长期的腐败或滥用权力。

5、缺乏明确的权限管辖。

Bonds and dApp layer governance.

Unlike base layer governance which tends to handle all the disputes and demands regular checks by the community, the dApplication layer governance works in parallel limiting the responsibilities of BPs to enforce.

The concept of Bond based governance and arbitration rulings limited to bonds is the brainchild of Daniel Larimer himself.

Bond和dApp应用层治理

与底层治理不同，底层治理倾向于处理所有争议并要求社区实行定期审查，dApp应用层治理并行工作，限制BP们执行的职责。

以Bond为基础的治理和仲裁裁决的概念仅限于Bond是Daniel Larimer自己的想法。

Importance of Promises in the Business

Commitment, given by one party(the promisor) to another (the promisee) to carry out or refrain from carrying a specified act or acts. Promises, however, are legally binding only when they are made in the contract (voluntary, deliberate, and legally binding agreement between two or more parties).

商业承诺的重要性

一方(承诺人)向另一方(承诺人)承诺履行或不履行一项或多项特定行为。然而，承诺只有在合同(双方或多方自愿、慎重且具有法律约束力的协议)生效时才具有法律约束力。

What are Bonds?

The bonds are the collateral raised against a set of promises (clauses defined) bundled with the Ricardian contract which could be claimed in case of any disputes and are legally binding. The arbitrator powers are just limited to bonds.

什么是Bond?

Bond是与李嘉图合同捆绑在一起的一系列承诺(定义的条款)的抵押品，在任何纠纷发生时都可以提出索赔，并且具有法律约束力。仲裁员的权力仅限于Bond所在的范围。

Proof of Concept: Tungsten

We at EOSMetal have developed a proof-of-concept: Tungsten based on bonds which could ease the shift of arbitration from Base layer to dApplication layer.

Using Tungsten any entity or individual could raise a bond with a set of claimable clauses (promises with defined penalties). A bond issuer could also choose any arbitration forums to handle the disputes (opt-in) and select the time frame of the bond.

Also, in case of any disputes, an individual could claim against the bond. He would need to specify the bond hash and claim value (penalty). A claimant will have to fill 10% of the claim amount as a bond which goes to the defendant in case the claimant loses the award.

An arbitrator could put the rulings on-chain using the Tungsten and if the ruling is in favor of the claimant, the smart contract transfers the funds to claimant.

The bond acts like escrow and could help with establishing trust within the community members. The contract shifts the dispute resolution away from any influence of Block Producers or any centralized entity. Also, it makes the awards by Arbitrator self-enforceable without the need of intervention from Block Producers.

Tungsten的PoC版本

我们EOSMetal已经开发到了PoC阶段: 基于bond的Tungsten，可以让仲裁从基础层到应用层转移变得更容易。

任何实体或个人使用Tungsten都可以用一套可申索的条款(有明确处罚范围的条例)来筹集资Bond。Bond发行方还可以选择任何仲裁论坛来处理纠纷(可选择加入)，并选择Bond的期限。

此外，在发生任何纠纷时，个人可以对Bond提出索赔。他需要指定Bond哈希值和索赔值(罚款)。原告必须填妥申索金额的10%作为bond，以备原告败诉，bond将交予被告。

仲裁员可以在链上用Tungsten进行裁决，如果最终裁决原告胜诉，智能合约就会把资金转移给原告。

这种bond就像托管一样，可以帮助社区成员建立信任。该合同将纠纷解决从任何BP或任何中心化实体的干预中转移出来。此外，它使仲裁人能自动强制执行裁决，而不需要BP的干预。

The Road Ahead!

Tungsten is a small step towards the bigger goal of making EOS network dApplications trusted and secure for mainstream adoption with the flexibility of opting own set of rules.

未来蓝图！

Tungsten是迈向更大目标的一小步，即通过选择真正需求的规则，使EOS网络中的dApp在主流应用中变得更加可信任和更安全。

Register Arbitrator.

We need to add a functionality for any individual to register as an arbitrator with an option of raising a bond himself.

This way any arbitrator who is willing to resolve disputes on EOS network could register and establish trust. We feel as the dApplications starts coming up on the network the need for individual arbitrators handling small disputes will increase.

注册仲裁员

我们需要添加一个功能，让任何个人都可以注册为仲裁员，并可以选择自己提高bond来增加可用度。

通过这种方式，任何愿意在EOS网络上解决纠纷的仲裁员都可以注册并建立信任。我们认为，随着dApp在主网上出现得越来越多，处理小纠纷的单个仲裁员的需求将会增加。

Arbitration Forums

An arbitration forum or association is an organization that administers arbitration proceedings. These organizations are distinctly different from arbitrators because the forum does not actually arbitrate or write arbitral awards (essentially the rulings that are the result of arbitration). Their job is to maintain a set of rules for dispute resolution (RDR), maintain a database of qualified arbitrators to match-make with the needs of the claimants, assist in the administrative tasks from claim filing to close, and act as a hub of communication between the arbitrator and the claimants.

Source

Along with allowing arbitrators to register, we are also working on the contract to help forums register themselves. EOS NewYork is working towards the {regarbitrator} and {regfourm} contracts, if possible, we could use the same contracts and allow the registered arbitrators or forums raise bonds themselves.

仲裁论坛

仲裁论坛（或社团）是管理仲裁程序的组织。这些组织与仲裁员明显不同，因为论坛实际上并不仲裁或撰写仲裁裁决(实质上是仲裁结果的裁决)。他们的工作是维护一套纠纷解决规则(RDR)，维护一个合格的仲裁员的数据库，以满足索赔人（即原告）的需求，协助完成从索赔申请到结束的行政工作，并充当仲裁员和原告之间的沟通桥梁。

来源

除了允许仲裁员注册外，我们还致力于帮助论坛注册自己的合约。 EOS NewYork正在致力于完善{regarbitrator} 和 {regfourm} 合约，如果可能的话，我们可以使用相同的合约，并允许仲裁员注册或论坛自行筹集bond。

Public Forums

Forums are important to have on-chain evidence by the claimant (if possible) and awards by Arbitrators. Forums could help with two majors functions-

Filtering arbitrators based on awards and resolved disputes documents.

Filtering claims, which could help with analysing the health of arbitration ecology and help with updating clauses for bonds.

公开论坛

论坛重要的是要有原告的链上证据(如果可能的话)和仲裁员的裁决。论坛可以帮助两个主要功能-

1、根据裁决和纠纷解决文件对仲裁员进行筛选。

2、过滤索赔要求，这有助于分析仲裁生态的健康，并有助于更新bond的条款。

Ricardian Contract Auditors/Smart Contract Auditors

If Bonds are widely used the majority of dApplication owners will look for security auditing of contracts before deploying them. Ricardian contract and Smart Contract will be needed to be then reviewed and rated by the Auditors.

The rating and reviews by trusted auditors will help with standardizing the bond dApplication accordingly.

It creates an opportunity for entrepreneurs to start auditing and rating firms for bonds.

If you are looking for starting an auditing firm, get in touch with us!

李嘉图合约审计师/智能合约审计师

如果bond被广泛使用，大多数dAppl所有者将在部署合约之前查找合约的安全审计。然后，审计人员需要对李嘉图合约和智能合约进行审查和评级。

受信任的审计师的评级和审查将有助于相应dApp标准化的bond。

它为企业家提供了一个审计和评级公司bond的机会。

如果您正在寻找一家审计公司，请与我们联系!

Certification

A criticism of opt-in kind of agreement argues that such an agreement, which is drafted unilaterally by the individual/ dApplication/entity while giving clear preference to the drafting party and includes uniform terms in an adhesion contract that are not subject to changes or negotiations, does not express, in most cases, the genuine consent of the signer. The click of consent (Ricardian contract — I agree) is often carried out without the contract being read in advance by the user. The bottom line is that the concern is that such consumer consent is likely to give rise to illusory consent or settlement.

To safeguard users to give illusory consent to the business owner we feel certificates (licenses) based on auditing of RC and Smart-Contract could help to distinguish the good bond dApplications from self-preference bonds dApplication.

Block Producers are very well known within the community and steward the community towards using the right set of tools. The idea behind introducing certificates/licenses is to help audited bonds and smart contracts with high visibility and more trust within community members using the tools endorsed by Block Producers.

认证

一些对可选协议的批评认为，这样一个协议，单方面起草了个人、dApp、实体而给起草方明显偏好和包括粘附的合同条款，在大多数情况下，签署者不受更改或谈判，不表达。点击同意(李嘉图合约 - 我同意)通常在用户没有提前阅读合约的情况下进行。最重要的是，人们担心的是，这种消费者同意很可能会导致双方不同意义上的同意或处理。

为了保护用户对企业所有者的“同意”，我们认为基于李嘉图合约（RC）和智能合约的审计证书(执照)可以帮助区分良好dApp的bond和带有自我偏好dApp的bond。

BP在社区内非常知名，并且以使用正确的工具管理社区。引入证书/许可证背后的想法是，通过使用BP认可的工具，帮助在社区成员辨识具有高可见性和更具信任的审计bond和智能合约。

Wallets / Browsers

We think moderation is a great tool used on the internet which helps to filter the websites. The Browsers/ wallets developed to filter secure dApplications based on bonds and certifications could make users less vulnerable to thefts and scams with no bonds and security.

In a world where protocol-level dispute resolution is limited to fixing bugs in the code, how does one protect against fraud and theft of keys? The answer is to opt-in to a banking Ricardian contract which controls the tokens on behalf of their owners. Transfers within the smart contract are subject to dispute resolution where the contract-appointed arbitrators have the power to reverse transactions and freeze tokens. Withdraws from the banking smart contract is subject to a 3-day delay after which they cannot be reversed.

Source

钱包/浏览器

我们认为节制对于过滤互联网网站是一个非常棒的特质。为了过滤基于bond和证书的安全dApp而开发的浏览器/钱包可以让用户在没有两者（bond和安全）的情况下避免受到盗窃和欺诈的攻击。

在一个协议级别的纠纷解决仅限于修复代码里bug的世界中，如何防止密钥的欺诈和窃取？答案是选择加入一个银行化的李嘉图合约，它代表其所有者控制token。在智能合约中，如果合约指定的仲裁员有权撤销交易并冻结token，则该合约中的转移将受到纠纷解决的约束。从银行智能合约中撤回将会有3天的延迟，在此之后它们将不能被撤销。

来源：[【翻译】“代码的意图”即法律]( https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzUyNjcwMjY3NQ==&mid=2247484507&idx=1&sn=07205bc22bcaa78ca2706a6414a76ec7&chksm=fa0b8567cd7c0c71e0c991d5ab18e02fb8d7a4c25c51fb799770913f24167656f52136f9c167&scene=21#wechat_redirect)

Block Producers and Bonds!

Instead of having subjective disputes around the {regproducer} contract, we propose shifting the clauses to bonds and allow Block Producers to make promises. The community could vote for the Block Producers analyzing the claimable clauses driven by the free-market approach. In this way, the health of the network could be analyzed better and we could drive community towards better governance, with corruption removed from all the layers.

EOSMetal will be the first user of Tungsten and will deploy its own bonds which could be claimed by any user voting us. We hope many other Block Producers will join our initiative and raise similar bonds. The set of promises made by Block Producers governed by free market forces will provide the flexibility for stakeholders in terms of governance.

BP和bond！

我们建议将条款转换为bond，并允许BP做出承诺，而不是围绕 {regproducer} 合约产生主观争议。社区可以投票给分析由自由市场方式驱动的可索赔条款的BP。通过这种方式，可以更好地分析网络的健康状况，我们可以推动社区走向更好的治理，从各个层面减少腐败。

EOSMetal将是第一个使用 Tungsten的用户，并将部署自己的bond，任何投票给我们的用户都可以申请。我们希望其他BP也加入我们的行列，筹集类似的bond。由自由市场力量驱动的BP所作的一系列承诺将在治理方面为利益相关者提供更多的灵活性。

Advisors

We are glad to have Cryptolions, EOSTitan and EOShenzhen as our advisers for this project.

顾问

我们很高兴有Cryptolions、EOSTitan和EOShenzhen作为这个项目的顾问。

Conclusion

The EOS community is still experimenting and looking at various options to create a robust governance structure which attracts the mainstream businesses or dApplication and promises individuals a secure infrastructure.

With many voices, opinions and missing implementation of dApp base layer arbitration the debate has been back and forth with no outcomes. With Tungsten, we hope to fill the void with the help of claimable collaterals.

We feel if the community reaches a consensus of taking right steps towards creating the secure infrastructure which filters the malicious contracts and provides visibility to trusted dApplication, we would just need lean governance on base layer.

结论

EOS社区仍在试验和研究可以让治理结构变得更加健壮的方法，以吸引主流商业或dApp，并向个体承诺完善这个主网基础安全的设施。

在dApp基础层面的仲裁存在着很多声音、意见和执行不力的情况下，争论也一直没有结果。对于Tungsten，我们希望通过可申请抵押物来填补这一空白。

我们的观点是，如果社区达成共识，采取正确的步骤来创建安全的基础设施，从而过滤恶意合约并为可信任的dApp提供可见性，那么我们只需要在基础层上进行高效的治理。

Resources

We invite you to join EOSMetal and discuss the implementation of bond based governance on telegram here: https://t.me/eosmetal

To view our initial implementation please visit Github here: https://github.com/EOSMetal/tungsten

【翻译|公告】用于dApp层面治理的Tungsten（PoC版本）