在高考中,数学可能是最难的一门学科了。数学题变化太多,一旦出得很难,那可是死活也做不出来。可要是反过来,如果题目出得很简单,考生就万事大吉可以偷着乐了吗?也不一定。比如1979年高考数学第4题是这样的:
叙述并证明勾股定理。
是不是够简单?是不是送分题?勾股定理,人人皆知。叙述起来绝对很容易,直角三角形中两个直角边的平方和等于斜边的平方。但如果要证明呢?还容易吗?最简单的东西往往也是最难的东西。如果没有思想准备,恐怕还真不知道如何证明勾股定理。
关于勾股定理的证明,其实有很多很多种方法。我觉得其中最简单粗暴的一种证明方法非加菲尔德证法莫属。加菲尔德,英文是James Garfield,他可是美国第二十任总统呢,可见美国总统也是相当多才多艺的。下面就是他的证明方法。
把直角三角形ABC颠倒一下就有了直角三角形CDE,然后很明显四边形ABDE是梯形,因为AB与DE平行嘛。而且三角形BCE也是直角三角形。
三角形ABC的面积:S1 = ab/2
三角形CDE的面积:S2 = ab/2
三角形BCE的面积:S3 = c2/2
梯形ABDE的面积:S = (a+b)2/2
因为:S = S1 + S2 +S3
所以:(a+b)2/2 = ab/2 + ab/2 + c2/2
把这个式子展开就得到 a2 + b2 = c2 啦,就是勾股定理。怎么样,这种证法是不是很简单粗暴?
James Garfield在1876年的时候把他的这个证明方法发表在了《新英格兰教育日志》上,五年以后,他就任了美国第二十任总统,人们也就把这个证明方法称为“总统证法”。
从时间上看,James Garfield证明勾股定理在前,当选美国总统在后。如果他不干美国总统,没准会成为一个优秀的数学家呢,是不是有点可惜去干了美国总统?
Reference
https://baike.baidu.com/item/总统证法
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虽然感觉有点粗暴,但是想到这个方法也不简单
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是啊,相当牛叉
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镜像补全成正方形的话还比较好想,记得这种证明中国古代也有过
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真的很粗暴
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