Yel, (24) and (25) esplicidy convey who returned and who can' te pronouns he In (22) and she in (23) are apparently surface substiutes for t These noun phrases acnialle Mr Johnson and my secretary.
the deep structures of (22) and (23), but, for each sentence, a Pronomls formation has acolied to substitute the appropriate pronoun for one of th the m formm phraves. Ile and she like all pronouns, are quite vague in meaning. The ony know which particular person is meant when these words occur i by pronouns have been substituted for specific noun phrases that are prosent i tiona rathe structure All elements that constituie part of the meaning of a senience are preseat in siructure of the sentence, whether or not they actually appear in the surf te Elements "missing from the surface structure have been delcted by a trn have undergone a substitution transformation that replaces the undevito another form, usually a pronoun (31)
under AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES Ambiguity is the converse of paraphrase In paraphrase, two or more surfce that convey the same meaning must have the same deep structure. In ambigury, a surface form with several meanings must have several different de To o transformations operate to produce several surface stnuctures from a sngle structure for paraphrase,
so transformations apply to create a single surface st several different deep structures for ambiguity Anot Consider the following sentences Joi (26) John is too far away to sce (27) John is too far away for anyone to see him (28) John is too far away to see anything the p very (26) is ambiguous, and it has the two meanings expressed by (27) and (28). Wecore that (27) is a paruphrase of one of the interpretations of (26). and, similaly, Cs paraphrase of the other
interpietation of (26) Since paraphrases must have the ann structure, we know that underlying (26) and (27) is a single deep structure, and undet othe prod (26) and (28) is another deep structure. We have alrcady noted that prooous in surface structure as the result of a A first approximation to the deep structure of (262 (29) John is too far away for anyone to sce
john mat We have also seen that the Equi NP Deletion Transformation deletes aDe identical to another noun phrase in a sentence. Underlying (26)(28)he similar to (30) Equ urf 130) John is too far away for John to see anything 202
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