There are many definitions of artificial intelligence, but there are four definitions that are the most famous and widespread among the scientific community and universities in the world and on the basis of which the research and scientific groups to develop new programs to help them in the working life.
1ـSystems and machines that think like humans
It was necessary to design machines think like humans, we must understand how people think !! So we must fully understand the way our brain works. To achieve this, there are two ways:
Understand the motivations that give rise to our ideas and then try to pick them up and act like them or simulate them.
By understanding the psychological and analytical experiences of man.
If we have clear, clear and specific theories of the brain, then we can express those theories with a program or an automated system.
Some researchers have developed problem-solving systems and programs based on a series of steps compared to the logical steps of the human brain to solve the same problem.
There are many sciences that can develop work in the field of artificial intelligence, including cognitive science, which relies primarily on experimental investigations of human and animal behavior. The meeting of different sciences from the field of cognitive science with the computer models used in the field of artificial intelligence and empirical techniques of psychoscience can adopt specific theories of how the human brain works. This meeting enriches all of the above-mentioned sciences and can provide us with developmental possibilities in many areas, especially in the field of computer vision, natural language processing, nd teaching methods.
2ـ Systems that behave like humans
There is a famous test to determine whether the system acts as human beings or not. It is the Turing test. According to Turing, intelligent behavior is the ability of an automated system to simulate the level of human performance in all cognitive tasks entrusted to it. This test is as follows:
In one party we have a judgment and the other is the system to be tested. Data are exchanged between the parties by ordinary means of communication used by humans in normal life. If the referee can not determine whether the other party is a human being or an automated system, then the system is intelligent. To pass the automated system the previous test must be available the following technologies and systems (Artificial intelligence techniques):
1Natural Language Processing: We can communicate and manage the system successfully in natural language such as
Arabic.
2 Represent the knowledge provided during or before the processing process.
3 Automated logic to use stored information to answer questions and draw new conclusions (deductive reasoning).
4 mechanism of teaching the machine so that the system to modify the new situation and the conclusion of new
models (self-learning).
5 Computer vision to identify certain purposes (from the point of view of the computer as the identification of the
robot on the things around it).
6 Robotics: To avoid colliding with these things.
The achievements of artificial intelligence today are not yet ripe to enter this test (machine intelligence) but rather help us in some applications such as judging some diseases how they came using the medical expert systems. There are some successful experiences in natural language processing.
3ـ Systems that think rationally
According to Aristotle: the correct thinking is the caustic causal processes, and on the basis of the systems that are built to give correct conclusions permanently must be given correct logical introductions. For example, if Antar was a horse and the horses were running fast, Antar was going fast. Such laws are the laws that control the logical processes of the human brain that have been the basis of the development of logic. In the mid-1960s, programs were created that could provide the possibility of describing the problem and finding solutions after providing it with the appropriate logical information to solve this type of problem. We hope to use artificial intelligence to use expert systems.
There are two real obstacles to this branch of artificial intelligence to achieve:
1It is not easy to take random information and place it in regular phrases if this information is not 100% specific.
2There is a big difference between being able to solve problems and being computerized.
4ـ Systems that act rationally
Act rationally means achieving one's goals based on one's beliefs.
The agent is a program element with the following characteristics: 1. Self-acting 2. Independence of implementation (based on previous information) 3. Freedom of movement within the system in the field available for movement (memory, computer network)
It is something that recognizes and acts automatically and logically. Artificial intelligence shows how we build this client.
We note that through the previous definitions there is no specific definition of artificial intelligence, but there are several techniques and theories to build intelligent systems that deal intelligently and interact with people. The whole of what man makes in his life is always seeking to facilitate life and overcome obstacles and enjoy more life through the machines and systems invented and developed by man over the ages and ages.
Artificial intelligence applications today
Artificial Intelligence is currently used in many military, industrial, economic, technical and medical applications and is the most prevalent in the Arab world.
In some areas, artificial intelligence has become a reality in which significant achievements such as recognition of shapes such as faces, handwriting recognition and many other areas are realized. Artificial intelligence is used in diagnosis and nonlinear control such as rail control. Robotics are also used in nuclear reactors, extension of wires, repair of underground wiring and mine detection. Robots are also used in industries such as automobiles, processors and other sensitive areas. Artificial intelligence programs have been used in data analysis such as economic data analysis such as the stock market and are also used in computer games, Using artificial intelligence artificial intelligence has contributed a lot in this area. There are many other applications of artificial intelligence.