Kosovo War

The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started in late February 1998[56][57] and lasted until 11 June 1999.[58] It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (by this time, consisting of the Republics of Montenegro and Serbia), which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), with air support from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) from 24 March 1999, and ground support from the Albanian army.

Strength

17,000 – 20,000 KLA insurgents[20]

cca. 80 aircraft
(Operation Eagle Eye)[21]
1,031 aircraft
(Operation Allied Force)[22]
30+ warships and submarines[23]

85,000 soldiers[24](including 40,000 in and around Kosovo)[23]
20,000 policemen
100 SAM sites[23]
1,400 artillery pieces
(Both ground & air defence)[23]
240 aircraft [23]
2,032 armoured vehicles & tanks[23]

Russian volunteers, unknown number [25][26]Casualties and losses

1,500 insurgents killed (per the KLA)[27]
2,057 insurgents killed (per the HLC)[28]

2 killed (non-combat) and 3 captured[29][30]
2 aircraft shot down and 3 damaged[31][32][33][34]
Two AH-64 Apaches and an AV-8B Harrier crashed (non-combat)[35]
47 UAVs shot down[36]

Possible unknown number of DGSE officers killed[37]

Caused by KLA:
300+ soldiers killed (per the Yugoslav Army)[38]
Caused by NATO:
1,008–1,200 killed[b]
14 tanks,[43] 18 APCs, 20 artillery pieces[44] and 121 aircraft and helicopters destroyed[45]

Caused by KLA and NATO:
1,035 killed (per the HLC)[28]

8,661 Kosovar Albanian civilians killed or missing
90% of Kosovar Albanians displaced during the war
(848,000–863,000 expelled from Kosovo, 590,000 Kosovar Albanians displaced within Kosovo)
1,730[28][51]–3,500[52][53] Serb and other non-Albanian civilians killed or missing
230,000 Kosovo Serbs, Romani and other non-Albanian civilians displaced[54]
/ 453–2,500 civilian deaths caused by NATO bombing (per the HLC and Tanjug;[51][52]also includes 3 Chinese journalists killed)

13,548 civilians and fighters dead overall (Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Roma)[55]

The KLA, formed in 1991,[60] initiated its first campaign in 1995 when it launched attacks targeting Serbian law enforcement in Kosovo, and in June 1996 the group claimed responsibility for acts of sabotage targeting Kosovo police stations. In 1997, the organisation acquired a large amount of arms through weapons smuggling from Albania, following a rebellion which saw large numbers of weapons looted from the country's police and army posts. In 1998, KLA attacks targeting Yugoslav authorities in Kosovo resulted in an increased presence of Serb paramilitaries and regular forces who subsequently began pursuing a campaign of retribution targeting KLA sympathisers and political opponents[61] in a drive which killed 1,500 to 2,000 civilians and KLA combatants.[62][63] After attempts at a diplomatic solution failed, NATO intervened, justifying the campaign in Kosovo as a "humanitarian war".[64] This precipitated a mass expulsion of Kosovar Albanians as the Yugoslav forces continued to fight during the aerial bombardment of Yugoslavia (March–June 1999).[65][66] By 2000, investigations had recovered the remains of almost three thousand victims of all ethnicities,[67] and in 2001 a United Nations administered Supreme Court, based in Kosovo, found that there had been "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments", but that Yugoslav troops had tried to remove rather than eradicate the Albanian population.[68]

The war ended with the Kumanovo Treaty, with Yugoslav and Serb forces[69] agreeing to withdraw from Kosovo to make way for an international presence.[70][71] The Kosovo Liberation Army disbanded soon after this, with some of its members going on to fight for the UÇPMB in the Preševo Valley[72] and others joining the National Liberation Army (NLA) and Albanian National Army (ANA) during the armed ethnic conflict in Macedonia,[73] while others went on to form the Kosovo Police.[74] After the war, a list was conducted which documented that 13,517 people were killed or went missing in the conflict.[46] The Yugoslav and Serb forces caused the displacement of between 1.2 million[75] to 1.45 million Kosovo Albanians.[76]After the war, around 200,000 Serbs, Romani and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo.

The NATO bombing campaign has remained controversial, as it did not gain the approval of the UN Security Council and because it caused at least 488 Yugoslav civilian deaths,[77] including substantial numbers of Kosovar refugees.