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Blockchain monitoring companies use software to scrape transaction data on the blockchain and analyze it for suspicious activity so that law enforcement can track where the funds are going.
All crypto transactions, whether ransom payments or stolen funds, will be associated with at least one public crypto address, just like a public bank account number.
"When they transferred it from their personal wallet to the exchange and cashed it into their bank account, we called the exchange, found out who owned the bank account, and arrested him."
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