History Of Medicine And Pharmacology

in doctor •  7 years ago 


History of Drugs

What is meant by drugs is that all chemicals, animal and vegetable substances, which in a reasonable dose can heal, relieve or prevent disease and its symptoms.
Most of the drugs used in the past are drugs that come from plants. By experimenting, empirically the ancient people get experience with a variety of leaves or plant roots to cure the disease. This knowledge is hereditarily stored and developed, so that emerged the science of folk medicine, as traditional medicine in Indonesia.

The first drug used is a drug derived from plants known as traditional medicine (herbal medicine). These vegetable medicines are used as decoction or extract with activities that often vary depending on the origin of the plant and how it is made.

This is considered unsatisfactory, so gradually chemists begin to try to isolate the active substances contained in the plants to produce a series of chemicals as drugs such as ephedrine from plants Ephedra vulgaris , atropine from Atropa belladonna , morphine from Papaver somniferium, digoxin from Digitalis lanata , reserpine of Rauwolfia serpentina , vinblastin and Vinkristin are cancer drugs from Vinca Rosea .

At the beginning of the twentieth century, synthetic drugs, such as acetosal, were initiated, followed later by a number of other substances. A true breakthrough was achieved with the discovery and use of chemotherapeutic sulfanilamide (1935) and penisillin (1940) drugs. Since 1945 chemistry, physics and medicine have grown rapidly and it is profitable for a systematic investigation of new drugs.

New discoveries produce more than 500 kinds of drugs each year, so the old drugs are getting pushed down by new drugs. Most of the medicines that are now being used are found about 20 years ago, while the ancient remedies are abandoned and replaced with the modern medicine.

Pharmacology
Pharmacology or drug efficacy is a science that studies the knowledge of medicine with all its aspects, both its chemical and physical properties, its physiological activities, resorption, and its fate in living organisms. And to investigate all the interactions between the drug and the human body in particular, as well as its use in the treatment of the disease is called clinical pharmacology. The science of this medicine includes several parts, namely:

  1. Farmakognosi , learn the knowledge and introduction of drugs derived from plants and active substances, as well as derived from minerals and animals.

In today's synthetic drugs era, the role of pharmacognocy has been greatly reduced. But in the last decade its role as a source for new drugs based on empirical use has become increasingly important. Many new phytoterapeutics have started to be used again (Greek, phyto = plant), for example tingtura echinaceae (booster power), Ginkoa biloba extract (memory booster), garlic (anticolesterol), hyperici tincture (antidepressant) and feverfew extract ( Chrysanthemum parthenium ) as a preventive drug migraine.

  1. Biopharmaceutical , examines the effect of drug formulations on their therapeutic effects. In other words in what dosage forms the drug should be made to produce the optimum effect. The bioavailability of medicines in the body to be resorbed and to effect their effects is also studied ( farmaceutical and biological availability ). Similarly therapeutic equality of preparations containing the same active ingredient ( therapeutic equivalance ). The science of this section began to develop in the late 1950s and closely related to pharmacokinetics.

  2. Pharmacokinetics , examines the course of the drug from the moment of administration, how the absorption of the intestine, the transport in the blood and its districts to the workplace and other tissues. Similarly, how the reshuffle ( biotransformation ) and ultimately excretion by the kidney. In short, pharmacokinetics learns everything that the body does to the drugs.

  3. Pharmacodynamics , studying the activities of drugs against living organisms especially the way and mechanism of action, physiological reactions, and therapeutic effects it produces. In short pharmacodynamics includes all the effects that the drug makes on the body.

  4. Toxicology is knowledge of the toxic effects of the drug on the body and actually belongs to the pharmacodynamic group, since the effects of drug therapy are closely related to their toxic effects.

Essentially every drug in a high enough dose can work as a poison and destroy organisms. (" Sola dose facit venenum ": only the dose makes poison poison, Paracelsus ).

  1. Pharmacotherapy studies the use of drugs to treat the disease or its symptoms. This use is based on knowledge of the relationship between drug efficacy and physiology or microbiology on the one hand and illness on the other. Sometimes also based on the old experience ( empirical basis ). Phytotherapy uses substances from plants to treat disease.

The drugs used in therapy can be divided into three major classes as follows:

  1. Pharmacodynamic drugs , which work against the host by accelerating or slowing down physiological processes or biochemical functions in the body, such as hormones, diuretics, hypnotics, and autonomic drugs.

  2. Chemotherapeutic drugs , can kill parasites and germs in the host's body. This drug should have the smallest pharmacodynamic activity to host organisms to kill as much as possible of parasites (worms, protozoa) and microorganisms (bacteria and viruses). Neoplasmic drugs (oncolitics, cytostatics, cancer drugs) are also considered to belong to this class.

  3. Diagnostic medication is an adjuvant for diagnosis (introduction of disease), for example to recognize gastrointestinal tract disease used by barium sulfate and for bile ducts used sodium propanoate and other organic iodic acid.

C. Pharmacopoeia and Drug Name

Pharmacopoeia is an official book established by law and contains standardized essential medicines and requirements for identity, purity, etc., as well as methods of analysis and prescriptions of pharmaceutical preparations. Most countries have a national pharmacopoeia and the official drugs they contain are drugs with therapeutic value that have been proven by old experience or new research. This book is required to be available at each pharmacy.

It was issued in 1962 (volume I) followed by volume II (1965), which contains galenician ingredients and prescriptions. Pharmacopoeia Indonesia volumes I and II have been revised to Pharmacopoeia Indonesia Edition II which came into effect since November 12, 1972. In 1979 published Pharmacopoeia Indonesia Edition III then Pharmacopoeia Indonesia Edition IV published in 1996.

As a complement to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, there has also been published a book of official drug quality requirements covering substances, medicines and pharmaceutical preparations widely used in Indonesia, but not contained in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia. This book is given the name of Extract Pharmacope Indonesia 1974 and has been in effect since August 1, 1974 as an official drug quality requirement book beside Farmakope Indonesia.

In addition to these two official quality drug requirements books, in 1996 a book was also published under the name Formularium Indonesia, which contained the composition of several hundred pharmaceutical preparations commonly requested in pharmacies. This book has been revised as well and the second edition of this book has been enacted as of 12 November 1978 under the name of the National Formulary.

Patent or specialty drug is a drug belonging to a company with a distinctive name legalized by the law, the registered brand or proprietary name . The large number of patent medicines with diverse names that are annually expended by the pharmaceutical industry and the resulting chaos has prompted the WHO to draft a List of Drugs with official names. Official or generic name (this generic name) can be used in all countries without violating the drug patent concerned. Almost all pharmacopoeia have adjusted the name of the drug with this generic name, because the chemical name originally used is often too long and impractical.

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