Source:Istockphoto
INTRODUCTION
In this junction, I would like to put into consideration the need for motivation by analyzing it psychologically, as it tends to serve as a very big tool for achieving the desired goal.
motivation is important because it gives us insight into human behavior. psychologists study human behavior to predict, control, and manage behavior. To do this, psychologists often attempt to scientifically determine the reason behind human behavior, that is the causes of behavior.
The word motivation is derived from the Latin word"moverre", meaning" to move". though numerous definitions have been given to the word, the general view is that it seems to represent the psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal-directed(Michael 1982).
DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION
Motivation is an internal state of the condition sometimes described as a need, desire, or want that activates and energizes behavior and gives it direction (Huit,2001).
Note that three key characteristics are common in motivation;
- first, motivation is concerned with what activates human behavior.
-second, motivation is concerned with what directs good behaviors towards a particular goal.
-second, motivation is concerned with how this behavior is sustained.
Causatively motivation can be summarised in the following sequence;
NEEDS ----->DRIVES/MOTIVES ------>ACHIEVEMENT OF GOAL.
In motivation, needs produce motives that lead to action towards the achievement of goals. Needs are caused by deficiencies, for instance, a physical need exists when an individual goes without food for a long time, psychologically exists when an individual has no friend or companion.
Note that a motive is a stimulus that leads to an action that satisfies the need. In other words, motive produce action. For instance, lack of sleep (they need) activates physical changes of fatigue (the motive) which produces sleep(the action).
so motivation is a hypothetical internal process that energizes and directs behavior towards a specific goal.
psychologists recognized the importance of internal States such as needs and drive.
A need is a condition of physiological or psychological imbalance within an individual. for instance, a young man who is deprived of food for a long time would have a desire to eat because of the physiological imbalance set on the need on his body.
In the same vein, should he be deprived of his close friend for days, he would have the desire to seek friendship to correct her physiological imbalance. In each of the above situations, there is an urge to satisfy the need physiologically or psychologically created.
When the need is aroused in an individual this sets up a drive to satisfy it. That is drives are set up to satisfy needs.
A drive can be defined as an aroused state or condition within a person that results in behavior to satisfy the need. The relationship between need, drive, and goal in motivation is schematically shown as;
MOTIVE----> NEED -----> DRIVE ----->GOAL.
For a motivated behavior to manifest in an individual, a physiological or psychological need must have been created, the individual would have been oriented through motive to satisfy the need. An internal driving Force would have been set-up directing actions towards the goal which will provide the satisfaction of the initiating need.
ROLES OF MOTIVATION
One would ask what role does motivation play? This question is answered by two main models
Namely: the drive model and the cognitive model.
DRIVE MODEL: this model was proposed by Hull who believes that learning was about the formation of habits or Bond between stimulus and response. An organism learns it's fall.
The SR connection was strengthened by the reinforcements. But an organism will not embark on the execution of its conditioned response unless a force pushes it into action. This force is referred to as "drive" by Hull.
Some of these drives are sourced from physiological needs such as the need for food, the need to eliminate bodily waste, etc.
When an organism is in need and for a considerable amount of time, the need is not satisfied and the appropriate amount of drive is aroused. Once the organism is in a high drive state, it is ready to respond to external stimuli that are appropriate to the stimuli aroused or the aroused drive. for instance, an animal deprived of food acts to secure food, one in need of sleep is driven to sleep and one prest is driven to relieve himself.
The animal or individual will persist in appropriation behavior until it is satisfied. When a need is all satisfied, the organism becomes unease as a result of an activated internal state or stimuli and this stimulus leads to responses to satisfy the aroused need. Once a need is consummated or satisfied, the organism becomes relieved and relatively inactive in respect of the need for some time. The drive models see motivation as derive arouse.
COGNITIVE MODEL: this model was proposed by Kurl Lawn. Lawn believed that behavior is a joint function of the environment and the person. He expressed this as an expression then as:
B=F(PE)
Where (B) equal to behavior,(P) equal to person, and (E) equal to the environment. Then (F) is the function of the person and the environment.
CLASSES OF MOTIVE
there are several motives underlined in motivating human behaviors. There is no consensus agreement among psychologists on the classification of these motives. There seems to recognize that certain motives are physiologically-based while some are not. physiologically-based motives are unlearned- that is they are not taught
The results of aroused bodily conditions within people. This arousal activates a drive in the person to reduce his state of need physiological motives are linked with drives such as sex, sleep, hunger, taste, sensory arousal, maternal care, and avoidance of pain.
Motives physiological driving maybe either learned or unlearned motives are called social or secondary motives, they include motives such as mastery powers, achievement status, and affiliation. The unlearned,non-physiologically driven motives are sometimes referred to as general motives and they include competence l, curiosity, manipulation, and exploitation.
The above classification was influenced by early physiological works primarily with animals but it is not immune to arguments.
For example sexual behaviour among animals in physiological driven in human being or do physiological and hormonal factors are important emotional and social factors seems to play a greater role.
For instance ladies can choose to respond or not to sexual encounter at anytime because they are really not in the greed of physiological hormonal control even name permanent becomes so true learning in the people acquired knowledge and experience on sex from other people around them culture to place important role and also influences human sexual behaviour for instance the age culturally allowed for sexually assertiveness varies from one culture to another stores a man may end up in jail for openly counting of a girl of 10 years in some culture whereas such behaviour and Tammy intimated the setting culture therefore much of what the person does arise from the combination physiological and non-physiological behaviour for example a man who works for a better salary will be doing so not only to provide regular food and water for himself and family but also to gain his sense of self work as a man and even to be loved by his wife we should therefore be aware of the complexity of human being in order to understand human.
NEEDS
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid
Source:Wikipedia, Author:Saul McLeod, CC BY SA 4.0
Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs ranging from the most basic need to the most complex needs. He classified needs into five broad categories;
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Belongingness and love.
- Self-esteem
- Self actualization
He said these human needs are in hierarchical order.
According to Maslow (1970), people respond to a hierarchy of needs based on their prepotency
References
•https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs