Both land and offshore wind farm sites produce zero greenhouse gas emissions from generation. And supplying 20% of US electricity through wind power could reduce annual electricity generation carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 825 million metric tons by 2030–equal to CO2 emissions from powering 150 million homes for a year.
Offshore wind in particular has huge potential and is forecast to grow by 13% a year to become a $1 trillion business, according to the International Energy Agency. There are big advantages to harvesting wind power at sea, but also challenges.
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Aerial image of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea, Europe
Photo by: Smartshots International
Smartshots International
Pros of Offshore Wind:
Wind is the movement of air caused by heat from the sun. But besides being non-polluting, like solar energy, wind power can be harvested day or night. Wherever the wind blows–and it blows stronger and more steadily out at sea–then turbines can generate power.
Unlike other low-carbon technologies like nuclear power, wind turbines are quick to build and install. They can begin generating energy as soon as they are finished and pay back the energy used in their manufacture in three to six months.
Wind power is now cheaper than energy created from fossil fuels. Despite offshore wind being more expensive to build than onshore, prices are falling and will be around 40–50 per cent cheaper by 2050.
Situating wind farms offshore allows land to be put to better or more profitable use, like growing food or trees, as wildlife habitat for building homes or a multitude of industries. The US Department of Energy has estimated potential offshore wind energy capacity of more than 4,150 gigawatts. Total US generating capacity in 2020 was around 1,200 gigawatts, so land can easily be freed up for other purposes.
Off-shore and land-based wind farms use virtually no water, compared to other generation methods. Nuclear-and coal-fired plants need large amounts for mining, washing or other processing, and generation. By 2050, wind energy could save 260 billion gallons of water–enough to fill 400,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
Wind farms at sea access wind at greater speeds, unobstructed by hills or buildings, creating up to three times as much electricity as turbines on land. Air currents are 70% stronger on the open ocean and one study says farms in the North Atlantic could supply the entire planet’s energy demands.
Coastal cities have high energy demands, so siting wind farms offshore keeps generation near to where it is needed most. They create jobs locally and are a reliable domestic energy source.
Floating wind farms allow high-efficiency energy generation in the deepest waters. Taking turbines out into the open ocean means they are out of sight of land and any objections about them spoiling the sea views.
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Sunset over the Walney offshore Wind farm from Walney island showing both the wind turbines and a gas platform further out in Morecambe Bay. The windfarm will shortly be the largest offshore wind farm in the world and currently generates 367 MW.
Photo by: Ashley Cooper
Ashley Cooper
And the Cons:
Offshore wind farms are more expensive to build and tricky to maintain. Engineers need in-depth data on weather and wind characteristics, sea depth, currents and seabed formation to assess the structural loading, likely corrosion or ice formation. Maintenance can be hazardous in stormy conditions and specialist ships are needed to deploy and mend the turbines.
As a result of that, planning and permits are harder to achieve than projects on land. Financing, environmental reviews, delays and legal challenges have held the industry back, so despite its potential, global demand is not being met as yet.
Large waves and storm or even hurricane-force winds at sea can damage turbines and their blades, so they are fitted with protective systems to shut down in extreme conditions. Subsea cables linking them to the mainland are also prone to damage from bottom trawling, anchor sweeps and other hazards.
Laying submarine cables and foundations for turbines can disturb marine habitat. The effects of offshore wind farms on birds and marine animals are not fully understood, but bird strike and the disorienting effects of their noise on whales and other species need more study. Turbine foundations do provide artificial reefs for fish, but the way they affect local ecosystems is complex.
Wind farms built within sight of coastal cities can be unpopular with local residents, impacting tourism and house prices. How they affect local businesses, such as commercial fishing fleets, also needs to be carefully managed.
Nature
Take a Safari at Home
By: Leah Weber
The San Diego Zoo is streaming some of their awesome animals-- LIVE!
March 19, 2020
Daydreaming of outdoor adventure? You can still go on a trip around the world! As seen on Animal Planet's THE ZOO, the San Diego Zoo, voted number one zoo in the world, is streaming LIVE from California!
Like many other destinations, the San Diego Zoo has made the decision to close temporarily to protect the public, but the animals that call the zoo home are still running, jumping, eating, and playing!
You can virtually travel to the rocks of "Africa" to check out some playful baboons and penguins or even to one of the "poles" to come face to face with a Polar Bear! Loop around to "Australia" to check in on our cute Koala friends or jet north to "Asia" to see catch up with the apes.
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Young Giraffe in Field in outdoor enclosure in San Diego, California.
Photo by: Justin Bartels
Justin Bartels
Last but certainly not least is the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Over 2,600 animals call the park home which spans across 300 species! Included in that big group are giraffes, tigers, condors, and many more! Just keep an eye on those live streams and you might see some other animals creep in--think elephants and rhinos!
So go ahead and take a journey to visit the amazing animals.
Nature
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This was taken the other morning on what was actually a pretty mild mid-thirty degree morning. While I generally am not a fan of our Chicago winters, I welcome the change in season this year as it presents some new photo opportunities.
Photo by: ShutterRunner.com (Matty Wolin)
ShutterRunner.com (Matty Wolin)
'Ice Volcanoes’ Burst Along Lake Michigan
By: Makenzie LaPorte
Past due! Lake Michigan’s winter wonders came a bit late this year. Do we blame climate change for this?
February 17, 2021
During the summer, locals surround Lake Michigan to cool off from a hot, sunny day. But in the winter, they expect something a little different to form over the lake- ‘ice volcanoes.’ Yes, you read that right! Ice volcanoes are icy mounds created when a wave breaks through the cracks of ice formed along the lake’s surface. They are caused by freezing subzero temperatures, and in this case, the result of two winter storms. Oddly enough, these ice volcanoes were expected to be seen in late January, but are just appearing now.
Although commonly called ‘ice volcanoes’, the term is a ‘misnomer’ because molten rock and gas are required for it to be volcanic. It’s uncertain where the term originated from, but the reason it’s used commonly is because the icy formations are able to grow in height as they spew more water, causing the liquid to freeze into a cone-shape, thus resembling an ice volcano.
Tom Finley, Director of Education At Schlitz Audubon Nature Center in Wisconsin, revealed there was speculation we wouldn’t get a glimpse of the icy formations this year. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, only 2.4% of the Great Lakes surface was covered by ice by late January, the smallest amount in nearly 50 years; on top of the fact that it was the ninth-warmest January on record. These issues, combined with warming temperatures and rising water levels, have made the sight of ice volcanoes rarer than usual, and their formations now only last a few weeks.
Finley explains, “[t]hough Lake Michigan may look calm under the ice shelf that forms in frigid temperatures, the water is bursting with life and motion underneath. The moving water takes advantage of the imperfections in the ice floating above it.” Once the moving water has found a crack between the lake’s surface and the ice shelf, the holes expand as a wave is formed penetrating the ice, creating an ice volcano. The recipe for success: the colder the water and the stronger the wave will leave you with the ‘conical shape’, resembling a volcano. However, a distinctive difference in warmer water temperature will break the ice volcanoes apart.