in the period before the 1800s, in wikipedia the history of landscape architecture is largely in the form of planning and application of garden designs for the home of noble families, palaces, royal property, religious and religious buildings, and central government. Examples of great landscape architectural work in history are the works of André Le Nôtre in Vaux-le-Vicomte and works at the Palace of Versailles for the king of Louis XIV. The first person to write a landscape-making on paper was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and began to be used as a term in the field of work by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. The American Society of Landscape Architects was founded in 1899. The International Federation of Landscape Architects was founded in 1948 with its headquarters in Versailles.
But the landscape has evolved since ancient times as for the period of development of the park include: The period of primitive / prehistoric, Period of history before Christ / early AD: antique - classical (Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese) 15: medieval Europe, Islamic Paradise garden, Buddhist garden, Maya / Aztecs / Inca, Period 15-18 centuries: renaissance, secular, 18th century period: natural, romantic, modern, millennium Period (> 20): "the garden of today "(Anonymous 2013).
- Hindu Landscape
Hinduism is basically a belief that loves nature. They assume that the world is an embodiment of the Goddess that is the mother of life, and drips into a river that gives life to the soil so fertile. In addition, Hindus also worship Shiwa and Vishnu and Brahma. Thus, this trinity which later became the basis of worship in Hinduism. Hinduism itself considers the mountain as the abode of the gods with Sumeru peak (Meru) as the highest house of the god and as the center of the universe.
Typology Site Plan Indian Hindu Temple
Hinduism itself that we generally know can be divided into 2 parts, namely Hindu India and Hindu Bali. Although basically have similarities in the worship of trinity, but there are significant differences in its derivation into landscape design.
In Hindu India, in a literature states that the gods love to mingle near the shade of shady trees close to rivers, mountains and springs and close to mingle in towns with gardens. Thus, Hindu temples are built between rivers and trees and parks become part of it. Mandala first appeared in Hinduism, which also describes lotus, river, ponds and lakes. Hindu Indian Hinduism associated with the temple of pilgrimage. The temple is equipped with streams of water for ritual baths and pilgrims to their holy places. The ritual bath can be either a staircase well, a pool with stairs or riverbank with terraces (as on the banks of the Ganges).
Whereas in Balinese Hindu, Austronesian animist influence is strong enough to form a new understanding on the concept of Hindu teachings that are revealed to be design criteria.
The major planning concept of the Hindu Bali site is the right direction (everything in nature must have an ideal place) and the presence of sacred and sacred ideas by ceremony. Besides affecting Bali landscape planning is Tri Angga concept that is Buhr Loka; the underworld - the place of the devil and the evil spirit, Buwah Loka; the human world and Swah Loka; heavenly world; place the gods with Mount Agung as the villagers' residence.
Mandala. A cosmological concept used in the Hindu Balinese landscape planning
The next concept is the concept of Sanga Mandala, which is 8 wind direction and 1 center as a spatial regulator of a compound of Bali house and many aspects of life in Bali. The northern direction (kaja) is considered holy and pure, and south (kelod) as impure and dirty. East (kangin) as sacred and west (kauh) is often considered dirty. The best place is the northeast (kaja kangin) and the unfavorable place is in the southwest (kelod kauh). These concepts later became the basis of Bali's landscape for spatial planning. - Landscape of Buddhism
The basic design criteria of the landscape of Buddhism stem from the story of the propagation of the Buddha's teachings to his followers in a garden. From this story, then the element of the park is an important part of a temple environment which is then called the monastery. The monastery itself actually means the park that is in the monastic environment, and is used as a garden of contemplation.
Mandala is also found in Buddhism which is usually used as a reference for garden planning. Mandala shows the Buddha in the temple and the garden inspires the making of the park with the equivalent symbolism. Mandala is intended as a blend of circle, polygon and society. It is used as a symbol of human relationships with the world and the universe and is also used as a medium of meditation. Mandala also depicts a palace with four gates facing four directions in the world. The four-legged lotus flower is in the center of the palace and is situated on the jewelry floor.
An influential architectural element in the landscape of Buddhism is the existence of stupas. This structure is usually placed on a hill located at the foot of a particular mountain. Planning of the stupa treads is made in order to create a circular circle of the pilgrims, thus creating a structural procession from below (the human world with a square plan), continuing up to the stupa (the world of gods with a circle plan) as the symbolism of human journey to nirvana.
Stupas are an important place in Budhist landscape planning
What often appears in the landscape of Buddhism is the symbol of the number 4. The base of the stupa is a terrace with 4 sides, and the mandala pattern also has four angles. The garden that symbolizes the garden where the Buddha spread its teachings is also narrated with 4 gates and lotus that has four petals.
The basic concepts above are then developed into the basis of planning religious complexes of Buddhist teachings. The development, these concepts can be found in the temple complexes at the foot of the Himalayas, in Borobudur and some temple complexes in Thailand and Cambodia.
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- China Landscape
The Chinese landscape philosophizes from the teachings of Confucianism, Taosime and Buddhism. All of these teachings emphasize the harmony of human relationships with nature. In Confucianism, geometrical order is considered important, because he thinks learning makes people better. And good learning is the study of "noble" sciences such as art, music, mathematics, writing, etc. This raises the concept that the regular visual and geometric detail and beauty is the basis of aesthetics in the landscape.
Whereas in Taoism, aesthetic expression is seen in the naturalness of an object. Thus, it looks more natural / like the original condition in nature then it has a higher aesthetic level. Attempts to duplicate nature such as mountains, forests and rivers on such a small scale as parks become an important concept in Taoist-oriented landscapes.
The Forbidden City in Beijing is an example of arranging a site plan with the concept of Confucianism
Buddhism itself is the influence that comes from India, but rather the spiritual introduction of nirvana and the importance of the garden as part of meditation.
In its application in landscaping and garden design, this fusion appears as spectacular forms of artifacts. Confucianism that worships aesthetically geometric more towards the palace gardens is thus close to the royal politics. While Taoism more see the outside world and nature as part of life. Taoist landscape planning is close to Chinese landscape painting, as there is an attempt to create a natural miniature on a landscape design. A spectacular example is Forbidden City which has a geometric pattern in the planning of its footprint, but inside its walls Taoist gardens can be found. - Japanese landscape
The Shinto religion sees that there is a close relationship between gods and nature. Thus, Shinto considers forests and trees to be sacred places and believed to be the abode of the gods.
The Japanese landscape then develops into Zen Landscape with Zen Buddhism as a blend of Shinto and Buddhism. The striking difference is that Shinto regards the tree as a sacred place and the Buddha regards the mountain as a sacred place. This then becomes the basis of zen landscape planning as a medium of meditation. The use of white pebbles to symbolize the flow of water with the blend suiseki as a symbol of the mountain.
In its development, there are 3 kinds of Japanese garden affected by religion. (1) Park affected by Amida Buddha;
City of Jerusalem.
as the development of the Buddhist park in India, with Mandala as the main axis and concept. (2) Zen Garden Buddhism; is a meditation park. This garden reduces the picture of the world to a very essential in an abstract composition. The park is shaped by a blend of white gravel and suiseki stones. Its composition, especially the flow of gravel can be changed as the process of meditation. Thus making and taking care of this Zen garden is considered a spiritual activity. (3) Monastery Park; is a garden affected by the blend of Buddha and Shinto. Its visual expression is like a garden in China that tries to create an ideal form of nature with sacred elements such as trees and forests (Shinto) and mountains (Buddha). In this garden also used a lot of white gravel as a symbol and also for meditation. This garden is then widely used in palaces, temples and even public parks at this time. - Jewish landscape
The Jewish Garden comes from the Old Testament Gospels as the initial inspiration and main literature. In addition, Sulaiman's literary literature is also an influential poem in Jewish garden literature.
The Jewish Garden begins with the expression of the Garden of Eden narrated in the Old Testament Gospels, which is mentioned the role of the fruit trees that grow in the heavenly garden. It also mentions the existence of a river that flows and branches 4 and one of them branching on the Euphrates River, Babylon (Iraq).
The expression in this book is then also found in the expression of the Islamic landscape. This is possible because basically the symbolism of heaven in these religions refers to the existence of a garden complete with trees and rivers in it. HAnya course development of these parks are not in the holy buildings, but rather to the park of private domestic which then less developed.
In Jerusalem itself, large parks are located outside the walls of the sacred complex there. While the expression of the garden within the sacred wall is slightly limited to the planting of flowers, especially roses, because Singa Sulaiman often mentions flowers in his poetry. - Christian Landscape
The Christian landscape developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire and was developed by monks in the early dark ages (5 AD). Christian landscape itself does not develop in the Middle East region (Israel, Jordan, dsk) because at that time Jewish culture still dominate.
Examples of attempts to create a Christian garden derived from the interpretation of the gospel
In the Dark Age, the role played is monk because the Christian monasteries that emerged in the 4th century AD became important as a source of culture and learning. The Christian landscape itself grows because the monastery has to feed itself so that agriculture and horticulture become very important. Priests not only have to know the religious sciences but also have to master the science of plants and herbal medicines. The interaction of knowledge and culture about the making of this garden is derived from the exchange of knowledge and plants from travelers and pilgrims who stop at the monastery.
The first park that appears is located within the monastic wall environment with plants in the form of vegetables, grapes and other fruits. Flowers are planted as church decorations. In its development, the flowers became an important element in the church park even cursed in the decoration of the altar. The next flower became a symbolism associated with the Virgin Mary and her son Jesus. The famous flower is Lilium candidum which later became known as Lili Madonna as a symbol of his sanctity. While the rose as a symbol of the attribute of the Queen of Heaven attached to Mary. Furthermore, roses are symbolized as the blood of Christ.
In a monastery there is always a fenced open space, and usually attached to the south of the church. In the open space this is usually the monks mingle and enjoy the sun and fresh air. This open space called cloistered garth is usually rectangular and is divided back into 4 parts by crossing the path. In crossing meetings there is usually a well, a fountain or a small pond where the water source to irrigate this park. In 4 parts of open space, planted by plants necessary for the daily life of the monastery or ornamental plants and herbs.
Actually there is no specific rule of this Christian landscape. Existing is typical of the parks within the monastery and it can not be ascertained that the planning uses the rules that exist in the scriptures. Design freedom persists, some even try to assimilate the design of the abbey park lay-out with the plants mentioned in the Gospels. And the pattern of planting uses a rectangular pattern generated from dividing the cloistered garth into 4 parts. - Islamic landscape
What is typical of the Islamic landscape is that they are sometimes called the paradise garden. This park was originally a transitional form of the art of the Persian garden that has not embraced Islam with tafsir-tafsir verses of the Qur'an after Islam is widespread. Thus, there is indeed a purpose to make this park as the embodiment of heaven in this world.
Generalife in Granada. Examples of applying Islamic garden rules
The verses which state that in Paradise there are rivers flowing beneath it and descriptions of date palms, olives and so on became the main reference of the design of the Islamic garden. In addition, the traditional culture of Persia will be park that is that the park has elements of water, shade, music and flowers. In addition, the archetypal embraced Persians of gardens is the manifestation of their cosmological concepts of a world divided by four great rivers. This statement is also reinforced by the Old Testament gospel statements of the four rivers of heaven, which according to Islam the Gospel of the Old Testament is part of the Book of God that was revealed to Moses.
These basics seem to be the beginning of the basic design of an Islamic park. Furthermore, these forms later became widespread with the spread of Islam throughout the world to Europe (Spain) and Mughal (India). The development of Islamic parks with this archetype tyang then become the great artifacts of the landscape of the world such as Taj Mahal, Shalamar Bagh, Al Hambra, Generalife,
Sharia values play a role in the development of this Islamic park as an element to make the spirit of this Islamic park become part of the activities of worship, such as symbolizing the simplicity, conservation, gratitude God's favor, It is then symbolized in a simple design, does not boast and does not symbolize the shape of the figure of living creatures in the form of a statue.
Furthermore, as a major culture, Islamic parks also influence the existence of the development of landscape art especially during the renaissance with the same basic patterns in the gardens in Italy and France during the Renaissance.