Nelson Rolihahla Mandela (Jozha pronounced: July 18, 1918 - December 5, 2013) was the democratically elected first president of South Africa. He served the President from 1994 to 1999.
Mandela was born in an elite family of British emigrants in South Africa. He studied law at Fort Hare University and Witwatersrand University and started his career as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he joined anti-colonial activities and African nationalist politics and joined the African National Congress in 1943 and in 1944 he played an active role in establishing the youth league. He actively participated in the anti-racist movement as the leader of the armed organization Umkhanto Wei Sijaw. In 1962, he was arrested by South African racist government and sentenced to life imprisonment for various crimes including sabotage. Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years. Most of the time he was on Robben Island. He was released on 11 February 1990. After that he took part in the peace talks with his White South African government for the party. As a result of this, racism ended in South Africa and democracy was established in 1994 with participation of people of all castes.
Mandela, considered to be a symbol of democracy and social justice, has received more than 250 prizes. Notable among them are the Bharat Ratna Award in the year 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. In addition, he jointly won the Shakharov Prize for his debut in 1988. In South Africa Mandela is known to his tribe as Madiba, which means "Father of the Nation"।
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Early life
Nelson Mandela was born in the cadet section of Thembu dynasty. Thembu dynasty ruled South Africa's province of Transceae. He was born in the village of Mvezo, near the capital of Transceae, Utah. His great-grandfather was Nogbengchukka (died 1832), who was the Incomposition of Thembu ethnic Enkhulu (king). Mandela is the grandfather of Nelson Mandela, the son of this king. Nelson's hereditary name Mandelai is available from this grandfather. However, because of Nelson's grandfather Ixhebah tribe, none of his branches have the right to climb the Thembu dynasty.
Mandela's father Gadilla Henry Mpakanisa Mvezo has been appointed as the leader of the village. But after colonial rulers cracked down, they ousted Mandela's father. He then settled in Kunu village with his family. However, Mpakanisa Inkosid was a member of the Privy Council, and played a role in selecting Jongintaba Dalindebo as the governor of Thembur. After the death of Mpakanisera, Dalindeebo Mandela was adopted as a dependent. Mandela's father, Mpakanisar, had four wives, and a total of 13 children (4 sons, 9 daughters). Mandela's mother was the third wife of Mpakanisar Nosceni Fanny. Fanny was the daughter of Mecca Mossa Mandela's childhood cut in his grandmother's house. His nickname "Rolih-Allah" means "the branch of a tree broken", which means "naughty boy".
Mandela was the first member of his family who attended school. While studying at school, his teacher named his English name "Nelson" in the country.
When Mandela was 9 years old, his father died of tuberculosis. The ruler Jongintaba was then appointed his guardian. Mandela studied in a missionary school near the palace. Mandela was officially granted admission in his tribe at the age of 16, according to the Themu tradition. After that he studied at the Clarkbery Boarding Institutes. Mandela passed the Junior Certificate Examination in just two years instead of 3 years in place. Mandela was replaced by his father in the Privy Council in 1937. He then completed his graduation in the Fort Blooper City Missionary Educational Institutions at Healdtown. Here the students of Thembu Dynasty studied. At the age of 19, Mandela started to take part in sports like boxing and boxing.
After passing from the school, Mandela was admitted to the Bachelor of Arts course at Fort Hare University. Here he is met with Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela were close friends all over their life. Mandela's other friend was the successor of Transcexual's throne Kaiser (KD) Matanzima. Mandela was later involved in the politics and policymaking of Bantuasthan with the help of his close friend. However, Mandela and Matanzimi differed in these policies.
At the end of the first year of the university, the students became involved in the movement called by Mandela University authorities. As a result, he was asked to leave Fort Hare. The condition is given, only if the student becomes elected member of parliament, he will be able to return there. Mandela received a Bachelor's Degree in law under the distance education program of the University of London while being imprisoned later in life.
Shortly after leaving Mandela Fort Hair, he learned that Jongintaba had announced his son Justice (heir to Prince and Prince of Wales) and Mandela's marriage. Mandela and Justice did not agree to marry this way. So they both went to Johannesburg. After going there, Mandela started working as a watchman in a mine. But soon after the mining owner came to know that Mandela fled from Jongintaba to avoid marriage. After knowing this, mine authority pruned Mandela. Later, Mandela joined the law firm in Johannesburg, Witkin, Sidellsky and Edelman as a clerk. Mandela's friend and well wisher Walter Sisulu helped Mandela to get the job. While working at this institution, Mandela got a degree in the distance between the University of South Africa's distance education program. Afterwards, Mandela started postgraduate studies in Law of the University of Witwatersrand. Here with Joe Slovo, Harry Schwartz and Ruth First, he was introduced. Later, these friends took part in the anti-apartheid movement. During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandria, a city on the north side of Johannesburg.
Political activities
South Africa's National Party won the South African elections in 1948. This group believed in apartheid and was favorable for different nationalities. Mandela actively involved in politics in the wake of the National Party's coming to power. He led the non-cooperation movement of the African National Congress in 1952. He took an important role in the 1955 conference of the people. The Convention was formulated in this conference, which was the basis of the anti-racism movement in South Africa. This time Mandela and his friend lawyer Oliver Tambo managed to manage the legal company named Mandela and Tambo. This organization used to provide legal aid to poor black Africans who did not have the money to hire a lawyer.
Mandela's first political life was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy. South African anti-apartheid activists opposed racial discrimination by adopting Gandhi's non-violent movement. Mandela was the first to favor non-violent movement. But the South African racist white government, on December 5, 1956, arrested 150 anti-apartheid activists, including Mandelas for sedition on December 5, The case lasted for 5 years (1956-1961), but at the end of the case all the accused proved innocent.
In the activities of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1952 to 1959, black African activists of the extremist African tribe began to resist. The Africans were favoring extremist movements against the racist white government. The ANC leader Albert Lutuli, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu, felt the Africans were hasty in this movement, and denied their leadership.
Racism struggle
In 1961, Mandela took the leadership of ANM's armed body organization, Umkhonto Wei Siewe (meaning "Bark of the Country", short name MK). He was the co-founder of this organization. He planned and coordinated the sabotage and suppression attack against the racist government and his army. Mandela planned to go to the Guerrilla war if necessary, if the racist government did not follow it. Mandela also started work to provide money for MK abroad and to provide military training.
Mandela's co-worker, Wolfi, said about the armed movement that started under Kandela Mandela, "When we knew that we were going to start on December 16, 1961, to the bust of the symbolic places, like pass offices, native magistrates courts, and things like that ... post offices and ... the government offices. But we were to do it in such a way, nobody would get hurt. " Regarding ULFA, Mandela said, "His knowledge of warfare and his first hand war was very helpful to me."
Mandela himself described this armed movement as the last attempt against racism. He realized that the non-violent movement against the persistent persecution and oppression of the South African government would not succeed, and therefore chose the path of armed movement.
Later, in the eighties of the twentieth century, MK started a guerrilla war against the apartheid government. Many civilians were killed in this. Later, Mandela acknowledged that ANC had violated human rights in a number of times in the struggle against racism. After the end of racism, many ANC leaders wanted to remove the information from the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission report - Mandela strongly criticized.
Mandela and ANC workers were banned from entering the United States until July 2008. They were allowed to come to the United Nations headquarters in New York only. The reason for Mandela's sixties armed movement was that the then South African government declared Mandela and ANC terrorists. Mandela was removed from the list of terrorists made by the United States government on July 2008, only to be released in July 2008.
Arrested and Reovnia's case
Mandela was arrested on August 5, 1962, after being absconding for nearly 17 months. He was detained in the Johannesburg castle. The US intelligence agency told South Africa's security police about CIA Mandela's motivation and disguise, that resulted in Mandela being caught. Three days later, in 1961, he was accused of leading a labor strike and accused of being illegally out of the country. On October 25, 1962, Mandela was sentenced to 5 years in prison for two charges. Two years later, on 11 June 1964, Mandela was charged and charged for leading ANC's armed struggle.
While imprisoned in Mandela Prison, police arrested the ANC's top leaders on July 11, 1963, from Rivnia's Lyssolife Farm, near Johannesburg. Mandela was also accused in the case of 'Revolian's case'. The government's chief lawyer, Dr. Parsie Eutera Mandela, accused ANC leaders of sabotage. They were also charged with sedition. Mandela admitted to the charges of sabotage. But Mandela denied the allegations of treason seduced to plot against South Africa as the foreign state's broker.
On April 20, 1964, Mandela gave his deposition to the Supreme Court of the Pretoria court, standing in the courtroom. Mandela explained why the ANC chose armed movement. Mandela said that for several years the ANC had started non-violent movement. But after the massacre of Sharpeville, they were forced to leave the path of non-violent movement. Mandela, along with his comrades, chose the sabotage armed struggle after declaring the genocide, denouncing the rights of blacks and declaring the Republic of Africa, declaring the state of emergency and ban on the ANC. According to them, nothing other than the armed movement would be the name of the surrender. Mandela also said in court, on December 16, 1961, they wrote Umkhonto Wei Seeawe (MK Manifesto). As the main object of this organization, they chose armed struggle. Their aim was to discourage foreign investment in South Africa through sabotage, and through this the pressure on the government of the racist National Party. After the statement, Mandela said, "During my life, I have been dedicated to the struggle of the African people." I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. People live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is a ideal which I hope to live and achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am ready to die.
Bram Fisher, Vernon Bairang, Harry Schwartz, Joel Zaffe, Arthur Chassildon and George Bijos advocated for Mandela's advocacy. At the end of the case, Harold Hanson joined for legal assistance. But everything else except Rusty Barnstein was convicted in the case. But on 12 June 1964, the sentence awarded to them was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Imprisonment
Mandela's cell in Robben Island It was here long prisoner.
Mandela's imprisonment begins in Robben Island prison Here he spent his first 18 years in prison for 27 years. While imprisoned, his fame continued to grow around the world. He became known as South Africa's most important black leader throughout the world. As part of the rigorous imprisonment, Mandela and his colleagues were forced to work as laborers in a limestone mine in Robben Island prison. The condition of the prison was quite deplorable. The caste system was introduced in jail. The smallest prisoners were given the least food. The political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals. Political prisoners get fewer benefits than ordinary criminals. In his life, Mandela wrote that he was considered a prisoner of D-group, that is, he was placed on the list of the most privileged prisoners. He was given a single letter every six months and was allowed to meet only one visitor. Mandela was sent to prison prison censors for a long time. Prior to handing over the letter to Mandela, it was made inaccessible to many places by the ink.
While in prison, Mandela started studying under London University's Distance Education Program and got a Bachelor's Degree in law. Later, in 1981, he was nominated as a candidate for the London University Chancellor's election. But he lost to that election by Princess Anne.
South African intelligence spy Gordon Winter wrote autobiography in 1981, titled Inside BOSS. Winter in this autobiography, the South African government leaked a secret conspiracy. According to this conspiracy, in 1969, Mandela was planned to be released from prison for the prison. Through the Winter South African spies take part in this conspiracy and encourage them. The purpose was to let Mandela escape from prison, so that he could be chased and killed in the crossfire in the name of the arrest. Knowing the conspiracy of the British intelligence agency, it became futile.
In March 1982, Mandela was transferred from the prison of the Robben Island to the Palsmouth Prison. During this time, Mandela was taken along with African National Congress leader Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlagoni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mala. It is believed that it was done to reduce the impact of Mandela and other leaders on the new generation of black political prisoners imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela and his colleagues were called as 'University of Mandela' on the young workers, by mocking this influence. But according to Kobi Koutsi, the then National Party Minister, the main objective of Mandela's transfer was to make a secret meeting and discussions with South African government with Mandela.
In February 1985, South African President Botha P W. Botha proposed to Mandela to be released on conditional terms. The condition was that Mandela had to leave armed struggle for political purpose. Other ministers, including Quetts, however, oppose Butthe's proposal. They expressed that Mandela would never remove his organization from the path of armed struggle during the greed of personal emancipation. Mandela actually rejected this proposal. He gave a statement through his daughter Zindzi that he said,
"What freedom is I offered while the organization of the people is banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner can not enter into contracts." (What is the offer given to me to free me, where the people's organization is being banned? Only free people can sit in discussions. The prisoners can never sign the agreement.)
The first meeting of the Mandela and National Party government was held in December 1985. Meet Kobe Koutsi Mandela at Vox Hospital in Cape Town. Mandela was recovering after the treatment of prostate gland. For the next four years, the government has been negotiating with Mandela more than once. But there was no special progress in these discussions.
In 1988, Mandela was taken to Victor Verster prison. Mandela was a prisoner until the release. Slowly he was reduced to straps and allowed visitors to meet. Mandela's student life friend Harry Schwarz met with him at this time.
At Mandela's prison, the pressure on the South African government at local and international levels continued to grow for his release. For the release of Mandela, the widely used slogan was the Free Nelson Mandela! (Want Mandela's release) In 1989, South African President Botta was diagnosed with heart disease and stepped aside from the post. He was replaced by Frederick Willem de Clarke. After the political change, De Clark declared in February 1990 the release of Mandela in February.
During Mandela's prison, the International Red Cross Committee's envoys met him several times in the Robben Island and Palsmouth Prison. About these meetings, Mandela said, "to me personally, and those who shared the experience of being political prisoners, the Red Cross was a beacon of humanity within the dark inhumane world of political imprisonment." (Red cross for me personally and for other political prisoners like me, the light of darkness in the inhuman dark world of the prison.
Release
On February 2, 1990, the then President of South Africa FW de Kler lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid organizations. At the same time, he announced that Mandela would be released soon. Mandela was released on 11 February 1990 from Victor Vaster's prison. Mandela's release of prisoners is broadcast live all over the world.
Mandela gave a speech to the nation on the release day. In this speech he called for peace and to maintain harmony with the country's white minority community. The same company, he explicitly said, the armed struggle of the African National Congress did not end. He said,
"Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which require the armed struggle still exist today. but to continue. We express the hope that a climate advisable to a negotiated settlement will be created soon, so that there should be no longer the need for the armed struggle. " (We were forced to start armed struggle in 1960. For the sake of self-defense from the racial discrimination, we formed the armed movement of the African National Congress, Umkhanto We Siez, and the reasons behind the launch of armed struggle are still there, so no other way in our hands No, we hope that the appropriate environment for peace talks is inevitable The need to continue the armed struggle will be created and there will be more.)
Mandela also said that his main goal is to bring peace to the majority blacks, and to ensure black franchise in local and national elections.
Peace talks
Mandela with US President Bill Clinton in 1993.
Mandela took the leadership of the African National Congress after being released. He was the leader of this group from 1990 to 1994. At this time, he was in talks with the government for the end of racism in South Africa. After this peace talks became fruitful, in 1994, for the first time in the history of the country, general elections were held with the participation of people of all castes.
When the ban on the African National Congress was withdrawn, it was the first national conference of the party in 1991. Mandela was elected president of the party in this conference. Mandela's old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo led the team in exile during Mandela's captivity. At this conference, Tombo was elected the party's national president.
In order to contribute to peace talks with the South African government, Mandela and President F. W. D. Clark were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. But this peace talks have not always been smooth. Once in disagreement in 1991, Mandela became angry and called De Clark a leader of the illegal government. Discussions broke out in June 1992 when the massacre of Bapatong took place. Mandela then complained to the government of de clerk involved in this massacre. But after 3 months after the Bisso massacre in September 1992, the discussion started again. The two sides realized that peace talks are the only way to bring peace back.
In April 1993, African National Congress leader Chris Haney was killed. As a result of this killing, violence is spreading across the country. In a speech addressed to the nation, Mandela urged to maintain peace. At that time Mandela was not President of South Africa. Despite this, Mandela said in a presidential speech:
"Today night I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, our country has come and a deed is so foul that our whole nation is now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. ... Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for - the freedom of all of us ". [71]
Mandela has been working on this call. Despite riots in some parts of the country, peace prevails throughout the country. The peace talks began to be strengthened again. It was decided that the general election will be held on April 27, 1994
Personal life
Mandela married three times. He has six children, 20 grandchildren and many great-grandchildren. Mandela Mandela, the tribal leader of Thambu is the grandson of Nelson Mandela.
First marriage
Mandela's first wife was in the month of Evelyn Ntocha Like Mandela, he had a home in the Transcai region. Two of them were born in Johannesburg. After 13 years of marriage, they got divorced in 1957. Mandela's absence and his family had given Mandela more time in the political movement than the reason for the break-up. Evelyn was a follower of the Judaism of Witney's ideology of Christianity, in which political activities were prohibited. [74] Evelyn Mase died in 2004. Evelyn and Mandela's two sons (Madiba Thembel (Thambi) (1946-1969) and Makagath Mandela (1950- 2005) and two daughters (both of whom were named Maqazio Mandela, in 1947 and in 1953). The first daughter died at the age of 9 months. Mandela's second daughter named after the first daughter. The four children of Mandela are studying at the United World College in Waterford Kamhalava area. Mandela's eldest son, Thambi, died in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25. Mandela was imprisoned in prison during this time. The South African government did not allow Mandela to participate in the funeral of his son. Maqtath died in AIDS at the age of 54 in 2005.
Awards and honors
Nobel Peace Prize
Bharat Ratna