Could SARS-CoV-2 infect due to an amino acid deficiency?

in medical •  4 years ago 

Explainer: How the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells @ 0:50 Ace2 receptor bonds with amino-acid transpoter

"SARS-CoV-2 share about 76% and 97% of amino acid identities with SARS-CoV"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15562-9

"ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. ACE2 is widely expressed, including, in the lungs, cardiovascular system, gut, kidneys, central nervous system, and adipose tissue. ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for coronavirus disease 2019"
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015

"ACE2 was identified as an essential receptor for the SARS coronavirus that causes severe acute lung failure. Downregulation of ACE2 strongly contributes to the pathogenesis of severe lung failure. Third, both ACE2 and its homologue Collectrin can associate with amino acid transporters and play essential role in the absorption of amino acids in the kidney and gut."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20599443/

"One such theory crossed my path a couple of years ago. I believe the original source was a Dr. Tent lecture concerning viruses. He proposed, quite confidently I might add, that an amino acid called arginine tends to feed viruses while its counterpart lysine tends to starve them. I thought that was interesting so I tried to recall what I could of amino acids and how they interact with viral replication in the body from some of my biochemistry classes."

"It turns out that both through our research and experience with the supplement, I do believe that keeping arginine in check and taking in extra lysine can help ward off and shorten the lifespan of a virus."
https://www.nourishingdays.com/2018/03/lysine-an-amino-acid-that-keeps-viruses-at-bay/

"ACE2 also functions as the chaperone for membrane trafficking of the amino acid transporter B0AT1, also known as SLC6A19 (25), which mediates uptake of neutral amino acids into intestinal cells in a sodium-dependent manner."
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6485/1444.long

"Scientists exploring how coronaviruses like COVID-19 infect human cells have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein binds to the cell membrane protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter human cells.

COVID-19 has been shown to bind to ACE2 via the S protein on its surface. During infection, the S protein is cleaved into subunits, S1 and S2."
https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/56895/scientists-demonstrate-how-covid-19-infects-human-cells/

"In the crystal structure of ACE2 and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 (PDB: 6M17(9)), we first analyzed the interacting amino acids at the ACE2 and RBD interface. In total, 15 residues from ACE2 interact with RBD: residues 24(Q), 27(T), 30(D), 31(K), 34(H), 35(E), 37(E), 38(D), 41(Y), and 42(Q) are in α1, one residue (residue 82 M) comes from α2, residues 353(K), 354(G), 355(D), and 357(R) come from the linker between β3 and β4. Therefore, the 15 amino acids can be labeled as critical amino acids and α1, α2, β3, and β4 as critical binding components."
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c02857#

"One of the human membrane proteins known to be docked by the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), proposed to be responsible for viral entry in target cells. Recently, the 3D structure of ACE2 has been obtained, showing its physical interaction with B0AT1 (SLC6A19), a plasma membrane transporter involved in the trafficking of amino acids in cells. The receptor targeted by SARS-CoV-2 is a supercomplex formed by a dimer of ACE2-B0AT1, in which ACE2 binds the viral protein and B0AT1 stabilizes the heterodimer."
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2472555220934421?journalCode=jbxb

"The discovery — in viruses that attack Bacillus bacteria — marks the first time that any type of viral communication system has ever been found. But researchers say that many other viruses could communicate with each other through their own molecular languages — perhaps even viruses that are responsible for human diseases. If that is the case, scientists might have found a new way to disrupt viral attacks."
https://www.nature.com/news/do-you-speak-virus-phages-caught-sending-chemical-messages-1.21313

"Through this means of communication, viruses are better able to “coordinate their attack” on the host."
https://www.contagionlive.com/news/bacteria-infecting-viruses-communicate-with-each-other-to-coordinate-infection

"A unique formulation of multiple amino acids inhibits the replication of Zika virus by up to 90% in human and non-human primate cells, according to a new study"
https://www.futurity.org/zika-replication-amino-acids-formulation-2134922/

"Virus replication strongly depends on host metabolic machinery and essential cellular factors, in particular, on amino acid profiles. Amino acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of all virus-related infections"
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26149265/

Virus: "Hello Cell, need any aminos?"

Cell: "Why yes I do"

Virus: "Ok, I'll transport some to you"

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