"Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) are a newer class of agents in both hematologic and solid tumor malignancies that are designed to allow targeted delivery of potent cytotoxic chemotherapy directly to cancer cells."
https://practicingclinicians.com/CE-CME/hematology-oncology/the-expanding-role-of-antibody-drug-conjugates-a-look-at-vedotin/PRP4955
"Antibody conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) represent a novel strategy for the development of therapies exploiting antibodies to augment the delivery of chemotherapy payloads. Following in the footsteps of the success of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), ACNPs are only now reaching clinical evaluation"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S174067491830026X
"Metallic nanoparticles have been used for a huge number of applications in various areas of medical treatment. Metallic nanoparticles are emerging as new carrier and contrast agents in cancer treatment."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20645671/
"The application of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has drawn much attention offering significant advances, especially in the field of medicine by increasing the therapeutic index of drugs through site specificity preventing multidrug resistance and delivering therapeutic agents efficiently. Apart from drug delivery, some other applications of MNPs in medicine are also well known such as in vivo and in vitro diagnostics and production of enhanced biocompatible materials and nutraceuticals. The use of metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery systems has significant advantages, such as increased stability and half-life of drug carrier in circulation, required biodistribution, and passive or active targeting into the required target site."
"Conjugation of targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides or sequence of nucleic acid to target tissue or specific disease organ is mainly associated with surface chemistry of MNPs [22, 23]. Functionalized MNPs deliver the therapeutic drugs effectively by substantially increasing drug payload to the site of action into specific cells with minimal adverse effects, thereby diagnosis and treatment occur at the cellular level [24, 25]."
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x
"Heavy metals including gold and silver are antibacterial, but copper’s specific atomic makeup gives it extra killing power, Keevil says. Copper has a free electron in its outer orbital shell of electrons that easily takes part in oxidation-reduction reactions (which also makes the metal a good conductor). As a result, Schmidt says, it becomes a “molecular oxygen grenade.” Silver and gold don’t have the free electron, so they are less reactive."
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/copper-virus-kill-180974655/
"the mutual combination of metal ions and protein molecules can often change the protein conformation, causing irreversible damage to the effect of inhibiting virus infection."
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/8/2129/htm
"Nanoparticles have shown promise as both drug delivery vehicles and direct antitumor systems, but they must be properly designed in order to maximize efficacy"
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2016/1087250/
"synthetic antibodies can be engineered to any desired target and may extend beyond the typical immune repertoire offered by natural antibodies.[2] Synthetic antibodies are being developed for use in research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Synthetic antibodies can be used in all applications where traditional monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are used and offer many inherent advantages over animal-derived antibodies, including comparatively low production costs, reagent reproducibility and increased affinity, specificity and stability across a range of experimental conditions.[3]"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_antibody
"Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening.
Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/peptide-antibody
"The applications of peptides and antibodies to multiple targets have emerged as powerful tools in research, diagnostics, vaccine development, and therapeutics. Antibodies are unique since they, in theory, can be directed to any desired target, which illustrates their versatile nature and broad spectrum of use as illustrated by numerous applications of peptide antibodies"
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31847088/
"Proteins are effective immunogens for generation of antibodies. However, occasionally the native protein is known but not available for antibody production. In such cases synthetic peptides derived from the native protein are good alternatives for antibody production. These peptide antibodies are powerful tools in experimental biology and are easily produced to any peptide of choice. A widely used approach for production of peptide antibodies is to immunize animals with a synthetic peptide coupled to a carrier protein."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22178691/