Optical imaging device serves as a standard tool in preclinical drug discovery and development. This modality offers a virtual window inside the animals, thus facilitating the tracking of biological activities at the molecular level. This method is simple to use, offers fast throughput, is reasonably priced with outstanding sensitivity, and does not emit radiations.
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Noninvasive in vivo imaging methods have elevated the use of animal models in preclinical drug discovery and development to a new level, allowing rapid and efficient drug effectiveness screening. During the preclinical stage of drug discovery and development research, in vitro and in vivo testing are performed to ensure that the drug candidate is safe to test in humans prior to the beginning of clinical trials. Animal models are used in preclinical research to help in the exploration of human diseases and the development of novel treatments. The biological relevance of an animal model is crucial for clinical outcome prediction.
The major objective of preclinical imaging is to enhance the probability of clinical success while shortening the time and expense of drug R&D. Nuclear medicine techniques (primarily positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), optical imaging (OI), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI), and ultrasound are the most appropriate modalities for small animal in vivo imaging applications. Each modality has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
Noninvasive, whole-body in vivo optical imaging enables the monitoring and assessment of diseases, drug biodistribution, and molecular events in small animals by labelling them with light emitting reporters. Tumor cells, stem cells, immunological cells, gene therapy, viruses, or bacteria, for example, can be genetically tagged with a fluorescent protein. The biodistribution of drug delivery nanoparticles and biologicals (for example, antibodies) can be tracked by marking the moiety with a fluorescent dye. In vivo optical imaging can assist researchers to monitor biodistribution, cellular or genetic activity, and utilize the data to track medications, gene expression, disease transmission, or the impacts of a novel drug candidate by monitoring and analyzing light output.
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