Distinction between sanity and madness in today’s western society.

This is part of an early essay written by me. Introducing a biological and a trauma explanation for a distinction between sanity and madness.
The overall goal of the essay was to eplain the distinction between sanity and madness in today's western society.

The biological explanation for sanity and madness looks at the human brain structure and composition, genetics and biochemistry. This means that madness also known as insanity can be explained by the changes in body chemistry due to errors on the human body system. It could be a developmental error in the brain that changes the processing of a chemical messenger substance, and thereby changes the reaction of the body and brain to the messanger substance (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al 2006; Mohn et al 1999). These explanations within the biological approach are connected to each other. Some of the changes in the brain structure can happen before birth as reduced gray matter in MRI scans suggested (Ortiz Gil et al, 2011).
In 2011 Toyosima et al explored a biological explanation for schizophrenia in the area of genetics. These ideas explain madness and sanity as biological factors and that madness is already coded into the human genes before a human is fully developed to be considered consciously alive.
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Another explanation is the trauma explanation. A good example for a mental disorder often developing from a trauma is the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Morrison, Frame, & Larkin, 2003). PTSD symptoms include reliving a traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks (DSM V, 2013; NHS, 2016).
The trauma explanation takes in to consideration that a traumatic event can influence areas of the victims brain that have been associated with the episodic memories. This means memories that should be bound to the past or have a certain order are relived as if the traumatic event is happening right at the moment the memory is relived (Nadel and Jacobs, 1998; O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978).
O'Keefe and Nadel explained in 1978 that severe stress can disable the hippocampus. This effect leads to memories being taken out of context. This means the memory loses its place in a timeline and can also be triggered by stimuli that usually would not trigger this specific memory.
It means that in the traumatic explanation the victims of a traumatic event are more likely to become mentally ill and suffer from madness or episodes of madness.
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Considering the word limits you have, had or will have to deal with many idea's will never make it into the final work, but keeping them can be very helpful for later course works or for future articles and books.
For example during the research for this essay I found an interest in the changes that happened to the interpretation of the definition of madness and sanity. I consider writing an article about those changes in the future. And if it is possible to predict possible changes with new ideas for explaining mental disorders and health.

Grammar errors are likely as english is not my mother tongue.