Standards:-
A Standard is basically a document containing the details of an agreed upon method.
- Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols.
- May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use.
Examples:
Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript.
Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF.
Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC.
Multimedia standards: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, MP3.
Von Neumann Architecture:-
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UNIX:-
After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language.
Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level language.
UNIX introduced:
- A hierarchical file system.
- The shell concept.
- Document production and formatting.
- Tools for networked and distributed processing.