A story of migration on the African continent no less ancient than the continent itself. Known displacement at the political, economic and religious reasons and also safety reasons in response to demographic factors. However, much later in the patterns, directions and motivations of migration is deeply affected by the colonial experience which had a huge impact on the economic, social, cultural, political and demographic development.

The main directions of internal migration include: migration from one rural location to another (migration village — village), migration from rural areas to cities (migration to rural — urban), migration from one city to another (the city) and the migration from city to rural areas (urban — rural). However, in the African context the distinction between internal migration and migration across national borders erased due to the cultural affinity between societies arbitrarily assigned to different States. Therefore, migration from rural to rural is not the only symptom of internal migration, even more, migration from country to country mainly are a variation of the migration village — village.

WHY PEOPLE MIGRATE

Migration solved, primarily for economic reasons. People migrate to improve their well-being or when they are unable to satisfy their aspirations within the existing structure in their home community. Of course, this is not for those who out of their homes drove some sort of natural disaster, drought or famine, or war, or political repression.

Internal migration mainly occurs because of imbalance and unequal development, employment opportunities, living conditions and wages in different regions of the country. The main direction of this migration is determined by the placement programmes for employment and economic revival. So, if public and private investments concentrate in big city as in most African countries, the main stream of migration will flood into the capital. When in rural areas are plantations, mines and other enterprises that ensure employment and other opportunities, we can expect a significant flow of migration from one rural area to another. As it occurs, for example, in Tanzania, Kenya and Cameroon.

The decision where and when to migrate is also influenced by their own experience or information obtained from relatives who have already migrated. African migrants have a great advantage thanks to an extensive network of friends and relatives in the cities, which facilitates the migration process and resettlement in a new place. System wide kinship supports newly arrived migrants and protects them from stress and stresses of city life. However, the decision on migration in Africa, always taking the whole family, not one independent person. Migrants trying not to break ties with family in places, periodically visiting them, transferring money to relatives who remained there.

In most African countries, the structure of the population the work is such that on the plantations of agricultural crops, industry, trade and transport in predominantly male work force. As a result, men have a tendency to migrate themselves, leaving wives and families at home, at least in the beginning.

Hence the idea that a woman needs to do only housework and children. Not enough information about the participation of women in the migration process, where the numerical advantage belongs to men, while women remain "invisible", and as wives or husbands accompany their migrant (family migration) or come to the later migrants (marriage migration). However, recent studies have shown that Autonomous female migration is to obtain economic independence through self-employment is growing.

The propensity to migrate is closely linked to educational level. The migrants are mostly younger and better educated than other residents of their locality. This partly reflects the youth structure of society and that education is becoming more accessible to the younger generation. Migration itself is linked with the continuation of formal or informal education in cities where there are more secondary schools, opportunities to obtain professional education and opportunities for self-education. Rural youth, in search of an education, forced to migrate to cities, where most of the jobs below, sitting there, to be able to pay the tuition.

In countries where cities have reached a more or less high level of urbanization and economic development, migration to the cities begin to dominate the women whose educational level is increasing. The expansion of the service sector has created exceptional employment opportunities for women, and this, together with the increasing number of women employees means that the proportion between the sexes in the migration process is shifted in favor of women, while earlier urban migration was dominated by men. However, this level of development has reached a bit of African countries. The only exception is West Africa, where women had previously prevailed in the distribution sector. There is dominated by migration from city to city, which replaces the migration from rural to urban areas, characteristic of the initial stages of urbanization.

Many of the migrants were artisans, laborers, unskilled workers and staff prefer to migrate first to a nearby small town where they have friends and where it is easier to adapt to urban life thanks to the similar culture. For many migrants, this town becomes a destination for other, so-called "itinerant" workers, it is only a respite on the way to the capital.

We should also recall one specific category of internal migrants nomads. Are the herders, mostly illiterate, travelling with their cattle and all the goods from pasture to pasture, not paying much attention to borders between States. They are in countries such as Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Kenya and Somalia.
THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON CITIES

Believe that migrants make up more than half of the highest annual population growth in African cities. Although the economic base of cities cannot provide jobs, decent housing, clean water, proper transport, clean environment — a huge population.

The predominance of young people among migrants to cities in African societies, which in the majority do not use contraceptives, leads to the fact that the structure of the urban population forms a large category of people who can have children. The combination of high natural increase and acceleration of migration means that the population of African cities is mainly formed of young people who are starting a family. As a result, large African cities today is choking with problems related to their continuous growth: traffic congestion, constant interruptions in the supply of electricity, water is the unauthorized seizure of plots reigns unsanitary. The age structure of the urban population is such that the situation will obviously get worse.

Policy on migration aimed at addressing these issues, the course focuses on the migrants, in their native terrain, and regions where they migrate. In many African countries shall be applied in such cases, two kinds of tactics: orientation of the city and orientation in the village.

When targeting the city solved five issues: direct control, or program the closed cities to prevent the influx of migrants (South Africa); resettlement of urban residents in the village, or forced return of migrants to the village (Mozambique); a dispersive urbanization (Nigeria); decentralization through the establishment of small towns and regional development (Zambia, Algeria); creation of new capitals (Nigeria, Tanzania).

Was applied a few software updates, aimed at promoting the economic and social foundations of cities, the regulation of migration flows, which, in particular, provide for the intensification of work and improve social infrastructure. In countries with high urban unemployment, particularly among high school graduates apply programs aimed at the absorption of young unemployed migrants, such as the creation of special youth camps (Somalia, Zambia) and rural settlements (Ghana, Nigeria).

Some countries have implemented programmes aimed at increasing incomes from farming, improving employment opportunities in the rural regions and stopping the migration from the countryside in the Bud. Activities or reorientation of migrants through the establishment of regional economic centres, movement of capitals or urban development have not yielded the desired results. Countries that have implemented programmes prerogative of rural development, creating plantations in rural areas (Tanzania, Ghana, Kotdivuara), or combined provision of social infrastructure, with the creation of new jobs in rural areas, managed to retain in rural areas most of the potential migrants.

The question of where and to whom to migrate, affects fundamental human rights. Especially in the case when a person is forcibly taken to special settlements or forced to migrate to areas identified by the government. In such cases, the personal needs of people are not taken fully into account.

SUCCESSFUL MIGRATION PROGRAMME

The success of internal migration policy considerably depends on numerous social, political and economic factors, which include: the very political system, the extent of government responsibility, the impact of private investment and management efficiency. In Africa, as in other parts of the world, in developed regions such a policy is a success case when it is given national priority and generous funding, when it koordiniruyutsya effectively at all levels and when it is centrally controlled at the national level. Low efficiency internal migration usually due to limited state control of private investment in a free market economy, high cost of projects and conflicting, uncoordinated policies.

Finally, planners in Africa realized that the main causes of migration lie in social and economic structures, and although the trend towards urban migration seems inevitable, this migration should be regulated by appropriate policies. Therefore, parallel to the strategic direction should be the development of small towns and rural centers, which will allow you to restrict the sprawl of large cities.

In rural areas, the main efforts should be aimed at stimulating the development and dissemination of non-profiled activities, and, where possible, to implement, or the active support of certain sectors of the agricultural industry and Handicrafts to create additional jobs in rural areas, to increase the income and improve the living conditions of the peasants.