Applied Knowledge for Conservation and Agroecology.
Allelopathy ...
Greetings my dear steemianos ... in this opportunity I dedicate this publication to you to present some competences and dispositions, towards a better life preserving and improving our planet, for a long time we have been developing the agricultural and livestock production in a little resilient way, that has taken the man to suffer the claims of nature.
The offensive of the plants (Alelopatía). Our current mode of production is oriented towards monoculture due to the high demand for food existing in the world, but this has only been a warm water handkerchief since the consequences of these introduced crops and the displacement of other indigenous people have unbalanced many ecosystems bringing as a consequence the increase of pests and diseases towards them, having the need to apply pesticides, insecticides, herbicides (agrotoxics) and others, in an excessive way, which have caused more damage than solutions in crops, by fragmenting the biological cycle of the microorganisms in the soils.
Allelopathy is the science that studies the relationships between related plants and those that reject each other with effect, which can be harmful or beneficial, with controls on diseases and different pests, some authors Elroy L. Rice also define it as The direct or indirect effect, positive or negative, of one plant on another (including microorganisms), Otto Weinert Seyforth, maintains that this is indirectly exerted by biochemical compounds, released into the environment, it is important not to confuse the allelopathy with parasitism.
In all allelopathic phenomena there is a donor and a recipient plant, one releases chemical compounds, which when incorporated into the other, causes positive or negative effects on germination, growth and integral development, often allelopathy is related, with harmful effects of one more chemical compounds, produced by one plant on another.
To talk about allelopathy we must first know what is an Ecosystem, this can be defined as: a set of chemical, physical and biological reactions that allow the evolution of species exposed to biotic and abiotic factors that evolve in processes that lead to the development enviroment.
Allelopathy studies these existing relationships in ecosystems, let's make a historical review, in the 1st century BC, The historian, Pliny the Elder (Plinius Secundus), observed that the Garbanzo (Cicer Aretium) could not be cultivated together with barley ( Vulgare hordeum) and the bitter peas because, they had problems in the harvest, this in turn determined that the shade of the Walnut tree (Juglans Regia) causes a headache in man, also kills any species that lives in its vicinity.
Cul Peper (1633) discovered that basil (ocimun) and Rue (Ruda graveolus, Rutta Chalapemsis) do not develop together, or close to one another, also established that in the cabbage and vine there was antipathy.
Schreiner et. al, between 1907, and 1911 discovered in exhausted soils, the existence of chemical substances from crop plants with manifestation of allelopathic effects, on other plants.
How does allelopathy work ?, plants produce toxic or atoxical substances with which they protect themselves from external harmful effects, the chemical nature of allelopathy, is the production of aliphatic compounds, the following groups have been established, unsaturated lactones, lipids , fatty acids, terpenes, carbohydrates, cyanogens, aromatic compounds, alkaloids.
The allelopathic effects are given by substances such as Alelomonae that are aleloquímcas that have advantages to those who produce them and have a negative effect on the receptor, the Kiromonas that allow adaptation to the organism that receives them: phytophagous insects that give favorable advantages of adaptation in the receiver.
In every allelopathic phenomenon there is a donor plant, which releases chemical compounds, which when incorporated into the recipient plant, causes positive or negative effects on germination, growth and integral development, often allelopathy is related to harmful effects of one or more chemical compounds, produced by one plant on another.
The displacement of natural vegetation has a progressive effect on the multiplication of pests, as well as the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, in addition to increasing the tolerance of these pests can give rise to the incorporation of secondary pests.
Given this we can talk about natural protection measures in crops, ecological systems are associations between plants, animals, microorganisms and abiotic components, each organism has its habit and coexistence with another.
You need to have a balance between the different measures to be able to get closer to the natural and maintain the system, with low levels of pests and diseases as well as away as much as possible from the use of agrotoxics.
There is an alternative in associated crops, which allows us to perform this control of pests and diseases with a low use of chemicals or none in some cases, these crops favor the multiplication of beneficial microorganisms, which serve as a barrier to prevent a harmful organism from install in your host.
The idea is to use plants from different families, which have different requirements regarding the place and sensitive or resistant to different types of pests and diseases, some experiments have shown that it can reduce up to 60% the affectation of pests, which it reflects on crop yields and crop profitability and the quality of the product obtained (Otto Weinert Seyforth Universidad de Concepción Chile)
In summary we should try to cultivate in an associated manner in our spaces, whether it be the home, the farm, the garden, the farm, to minimize the use of agrotoxics, in addition, try to always maintain an ecological balance that allows us to continue enjoying this wonderful Planet that is the Earth and our only spaceship, is the one that keeps us circulating through space and protecting us from the harmful effects that may come from outside.
Thank you for taking the time to read this post, I hope it will serve you a lot, more than pleasantly I hope you provide knowledge and information, if you liked this post I hope your comments and your vote .... @issavets.
Bibliographic references..
- Weinert Seyfarth, O. (s / f) The War of the Plants. University of Concepción Chile.
- Website http://www.secretosparacontar.org/Lectores/Contenidosytemas/Alelopat%C3%ADaplantasquesebenefician.aspx?CurrentCatId=132 Alelopatia Plants that Benefit Other Plants
- WEB site http // www.Fao.org. / Docrep. The importance of allelopathy in obtaining new cultivars Kil-Ung Kim and Don-Hyun s / f