QUICK INTRO
Before 1935, a "computer" was a person who performed arithmetic calculations. Between 1935 and 1945, the definition referred to a machine, rather than a person. The modern machine definition is based on von Neumann's concepts: a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output.
Some information to start with.
Firstly, computers don't understand 0 and 1 either. Its circuits only understand high frequency and low frequency. Frequency means the frequency of electricity, or more specifically, high voltage and low voltage of electricity. Simply, the high voltage of electricity is taken as On or 1 to the computer and the low voltage or frequency is taken as Off or 0.
LANGUAGE OF COMPUTER
Computers understand the flow of current and take those as 0 and 1. All of this 0 and 1 is in the world of computers.Computers use two base number systems that we call Binary(0 & 1). There is a converter for every key into certain voltages that is basically a lot of 1's and 0's.
If you say to the computer,"Hello there!",the computer will get a clue by its binary converter. For each of the letters, including spaces and symbols, there are certain codes with 0's and 1's. There is a standard chart where all the symbols you may type are converted to binary (computer language). The standard chart is called the ASCII code. If you type the uppercase H, the computer will understand that as 01001000. For lowercase e, it will be 01100101. And so on.
The computer understands 0 and 1 correctly, but the computer refers to different combinations of multiples of 0 and 1 as different data. For example, a binary of these two bits '01' can have a total of two combinations '01' and '10'. If I take '01' == 'A' and '10' == 'B', then I can express two data types by binary like this: A(any new data) and B(any new data) by binary. Now if I add 1 byte, meaning 8 bit binary, then a total of 256 combinations are possible, which means that a total of 256 data can be represented. If more bits are used, more data can be represented. But how do we tell the computer which combination represents which data?
This work is done by global standards such as ASCII or UNICODE (e.g., Capital A, ACSII According to the standard, the binary represents' 01000001 'and the capital B represents the binary' 01000010'. Basically, if we write any UNICODE data on the computer, then according to the UNICODE standard, the computer will convert that data into the binary of its combination. That is, the computer will convert that data into binary. Computers just see the data along with a combination of many bits and bytes.
HOW COMPUTERS UNDERSTAND SO MUCH?
A computer uses billions of bits for the analysis of any data. It does a lot of calculations in a micro-second that we can't even imagine. It uses multiple bits to represent a piece of data.
As I said earlier, if you type any word into the computer, it will turn it into its own binary system. Once the letter A (in uppercase) is typed on the keyboard, it sends a signal to the computer as input. The computer's operating system knows the ASCII standard value for A is 65, which can be converted by the computer to the binary value of 01000001. And that is how you type something and the computer knows what to do. And these efficient calculations have made the OS(Operating System) and AI(Artificial Intelligence) able to do some serious tasks that we find as computers are really understanding .
The artificial intelligence of computers allows you to store your commands in a pattern so that they can be used for understanding the commands we will give to computers in the future. It will understand your new command by using the pattern you used before. Also, to understand our language, computers use NLP, or Natural Language Processing .But in the core, there are a billion billion calculations with binary hapenning. And so we think computers do understand.
#An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one operating system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run and perform its tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having an operating system. Some famous operating systems that you may have heard of are Windows,Macintosh, Android, and Linux.
#Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving.
Again,
For an easy example, if you press your power button on a computer, it sends a signal with the help of the OS to your hardware and it will take that as a command and open the electrical gates to power on your computer. Same type thing there. When you search for a keyword or website on your computer, computers turn your keyword into their own language and search for the same type code maybe a trillion times and give you a result, but they actually don't know what letters are,what words are,what Googles or Facebooks are. Such a stupid, delusional machine indeed!
ADDITIONS
We just use logic gates to give a computer a brain. A computer just follows that core instruction that we set inside his chip as a logic gate.
So actually, a computer is nothing but many things.