The amount of losses Russia has suffered since October is simply insane. Just in the last few days, Ukraine has shot down 5 advanced Russian jets. Today, yet another warship was destroyed. Especially the area around Avdiivka, where Russia launched an offensive in October, is littered with Russian bodies and equipment. The videos are sometimes insanely gruesome, with literal piles of Russian bodies.
Yet they are advancing. Their Soviet-style mentality of sending endless waves of expendable human flesh allows them to advance a few hundred meters a month.
Because the West has slept on producing enough ammunition, 2024 will be incredibly difficult for Ukraine. But by 2025, European artillery production should be sufficiently ramped up.
From reliable Russian sources such as obituaries, graves, memorial plaques, etc., we know that at least 3328 Russian officers have died in Ukraine since February 2022. Extrapolating this number based on data from other wars, Russia has suffered about 320,000 casualties.