I want to start making you a serie of articles with the spectacular, historical and cultural attractions of Iran, which has very old and rich history.
Iran has an age of thousands of years and has seen many dynasties and many kings. Each of these dynasties and kings had their own ways of governing the country. The terrestrial boundaries of Iran have changed a lot. Capture, loss and...
In this very aticle we want to have a short introduction of the first dynasty of Ira, The Achaemenid aka. Hakhamaneshian.
The Achaemenids were a group of Arians who built a government on the Iranian plateau under the command of Cyrus the Great (Shah Anshan).
With the rise of the Hakanai government, founded by the great Cyrus of Persia from the Namwar dynasty (around 550 BC), Iran became active and decisive in the history of the world. It was also the origin and center of the world's preeminent Asian and global civilization and culture.
Cyrus the Great, the king of Enshan (Anan, around the Shoosh of the southern Ilam), and the great warrior of the tribes of Pars (Pars), whose territory and his fathers in those days were governed by the regime of the kings of the Dhaka dynasty, was rebelled against the Astyagh The victory over him, Hegmataneh (Ekbatan, Hamedan) (549 BC). He, the Treasures and Reserves of the Med Bed, was named "Anshan" by the Babylonian inscription, and eventually ended the rule of the Median tribes in Iran.
His quick victory over the Median domain, which immediately came to dominate him after the fall of Hamadan, aroused concern at the kings of the time. Cyrus was forced to confront them with a view to confronting a union with Lydia, Babylon and Egypt against him.
Subsequently, immediately with an extraordinary acceleration, he stopped the onslaught of Croesus, the King of Lydia, who rushed to rape the borders of Iran. In the war, Cresso defeated, and Sardis (Spaldn, Sard), his capital, fell to Cyrus (546 BC). This victory added to Asia Minor (549 BC), however, before confronting Babylon and apparently "to fight the Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) during the battle, like that for Hoveh Shtret, the king of Madad, at his departure He came to war with the Assyrian, did not suffer from the attack of the Scythians, somewhat in the eastern areas of the Plateau to expand the power and supply. Finally, bypassing the Tigris, he began the invasion of Babylon and almost "won it without war" (538 AD). M.) With the conquest of Babylon, the lands of Assyria, Syria and Palestine, also part of the kingdom of Babylon, were captured by Cyrus. However, the clashes that took place in the eastern part of the country near Gorgan and the lands between the Caspian lake and the Aral lake, apparently "led to his death (529 BC), led him to step down into Egypt, (525 BC), and in the north of Africa, Cyreneic (Cyreneic), also in the territory of the Achaemenid Empire in North Africa, was prevented from doing so. The Persian Empire came to an extraordinary extent that was unprecedented in the entire ancient world. Finally, Darius I (known as the Great), who, after a short time (521 BC), built security, built networks Communication, the establishment of fair tax laws and regulations gave the government, which was in fact the heritage of Cyrus, a focus, movement and stability. Nevertheless, the wars Darius carried out on the borders of the West and the north of the Imperial kingdom, and more to ensure integrity and integrity It was confronted with resistance in Asia Minor and Greece (499 BC), which could not be solved by military means (490 BC).
His son, Xerxes, who came to his reign after his reign (486 BC), did not obtain Pizzai in resolving these resistance (480 BC), which arose from the disagreement between Greek life and the principles of the eastern rule. Even after Xerxes (465 BC). This misunderstanding between Iran and the Greek cities lasted a long time.
However, Darius's successors, including those of Darius II (404-442 BC) and Artaxerxes II (358-404 BC), who had no part in his worth and discipleship, were in the solution The political problem of keeping Fariran in the eastern and Mediterranean areas was not difficult. Even the Egyptian insurrection against Iran's Satrap (415 BC), which separated a few of them from Iran, and the return of the ten thousand Greek guerrillas from Iran (401 BC), indicating the weakness of Iran's military in those days It did not weaken Iran's imperial integrity. For this reason, the great Dariush systems and political measures of some Iranian Satraps who were advisers to the kings continued to preserve the integrity and integrity of the Achaemenid realm.
This vast territory, extending from the borders of Jyhon and Sindh to Egypt and the Aegean Sea, during the Darius period had systematic administrative divisions of over twenty provinces (Herodotus) or more (inscriptions) in each province (crust = city ) A satrap (Rashterp = Khvstoppan = Shahrban) was the governor of national affairs. Although the governor was looking at all the provincial affairs in the province, the commander of the garrison of the province and the guardian of the citadel was not under his command. In this way, Satrap, despite the infinite authority, was always under the control of the king, and the idea of rebellion for him was not very applicable. The rule and the will of the king were also considered and enforced throughout the provinces. Neighbors, despite their limitations in their religion and beliefs, adhered to the royal decree, to maintain the integrity and imperial integrity. An example of this is their commitment to the construction of the Dariush Palace in Susa. The sculptural scrolls left by the king recall the role of the artisans of these tribes and the interests of their lands in the creation of this palace.
The name of the subordinate territories in the inscription belonging to the Tomb of Dariush, which is in the role of Rustam, is detailed in the following: Madod, Kowaj (Khouzestan) Parfeh (Part), Harry B and (Herat), Bactria, Sughd, Khwarazm, (Aqrah), Arakhosia (Raghaj, South Afghanistan Khakandar), Sons of Ehs (Punjab), Gandhara (Kabul, Peshawar), Hudwesh (Sindh), Sahhum Varkaye (Scythians of the Transcarpathian Gihon) Assyria, Saudi Arabia, Maderaye (Egypt), Armina (Armagh), Katepah Tuk (Cappadocia, Eastern Asia), Sperd (Sardis, Lydia in the Maghreb of Asia Minor), Yeone (Ionia, Greeks of Asia Minor) Coastal sea: Crimea, Danube), Skodder (Macedonia), Yeone Tekubar (Greeks Oyster: Thrace, Terrace), Portia (Somalia), Koshia (Khush-e Habisha), Mecayyah (West Tripoli, Burke), Karkha (Carthage, Alaskan or Cork in Asia Minor).
Among these names, apparently, were "the territories that satrap was not separate and operated by the satrap of the neighboring or near-neighboring province. There was also a plate in Susa that belongs to Dariush, and called the names of the dependent countries - with a slight difference - Almost the same as in the inscription of Rostam's role. Herodotus (Chronicles 3: 98-89) quotes the other list, which gives some interesting data on the amount and amount of taxes in these areas. Of course, this data also completes the inscriptions. It also offers edits that appear to be "occasional in the administrative divisions of the country."
In the inscription on Persepolis, which seems to belong to the tomb of one of the Achaemenid kings and most likely Artaxerxes II (about 358 BC), the list of tribes of the Imperial is as follows: Persian, material, Hawaii, Party, Hero, Bactrian, Soghdi, Khwarizmi, Zarang, Raghaj, Sohteh, Gandahari, Hindi (from Sindh), Sokkih Humehurk, Shah Scythian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Arabic, Egyptian, Armenian, Cappadocia Sard, Poti, Kochi, Karkhei. That the name of the tribal elite is only about twenty-eight years after the death of Darius III and the extinction of the Achaemenids 330 (BC), with what in the inscriptions of the tomb of Darius in the role of Rustam on the territories of his function, It does not differ, it shows that the Achaemenids held the unity and integrity of their territories until the end of the reign. Even, signs indicate that at the end of the period of Ardashir III (338 BC) a few years before the fall of the Imperial Pars, the Achaemenid government has been far stronger, more integrated, and more regular than the end of the Xerxes era.
The defeat of Darius III (330-336 BC) from Alexander - apart from the Macedonian conqueror's combat skill - was the separation of a part of the Corps that knew himself Greek from the Darius III army, which led to his defeat and the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
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