宽容与争议，一位犹太学者对以色列国家主流叙事的质疑

今天再接着讲讲关于那位犹太学者，居然自证犹太民族是发明的话题，也结合三体聊一聊。这两个话题之间，还是有些关联。

第一个话题，先简单回顾一下这位学者的观点，就是现在的犹太民族和圣经时代的犹太人，在民族和种族来源上，其实没有什么太大的关联。可以说，这一观点从根基上破坏了犹太复国主义的理论基础。所以这位学者在以色列国内也是非常有争议的。很多人看待他，就如同中国人看待汉奸一样。但是有一说一，他的著作在以色列国内并没有受到封禁。他本人也在以色列的名校特拉维夫大学担任教职，没有遭到社会的迫害。可以说，以色列的社会表现出了相当大的宽容性，而正是这个才是让以色列在中东地区脱颖而出，以弹丸小国成为地区小霸权的重要原因吧。

而这位学者之所以会产生对犹太复国主义的质疑，也是和他的亲身经历有关。这位学者曾经在六日战争中在以色列军队中服役，而正是在这场战争中的一段经历，改变了他的观念。六日战争是以色列发动的一次先对阿拉伯国家发动了一次先发制人的战争，在很短的时间内占领了大片的阿拉伯人的土地。而作者就和他的部队驻扎在一块刚被占领的土地上。当时以色列军队将居住在这些土地上的阿拉伯人赶走，形成了大规模的巴勒斯坦难民群体。在刚开始的时间，这些被迫离家的巴勒斯坦人还趁着天黑回到自己的家中，以色列士兵发现之后，就会将他们抓捕审讯，然后再驱赶出境。一次作者所在的部队抓住了一位携带着大量美金潜回自己住所的巴勒斯坦老人。而作者当天夜晚执行站岗的任务，他听到房间内传出了令人恐惧的尖叫声。于是他找来一个板条箱垫在脚下，趴在窗口上观看，原来他的战友正在殴打审讯，这位被抓住的老人，甚至还用烟头烫这位老人。他感到恶心，连忙跳下板条箱回到了自己的岗位上。

但是第二天早上，他看见这位老人的尸体被装在卡车上运走了。那件事之后，他就对以色列占领巴勒斯坦土地的做法产生了怀疑。虽然阿以之间的冲突是阿拉伯国家最先挑起的，以色列从一开始只是为了生存而战，但是到了这个时候，性质似乎已经发生了改变。而且作者也一直对自己当时没有出手制止战友们的暴行而怀有负罪感。所以在后来的学术生涯中，开始研究犹太教和犹太民族的真实历史，以此来解构犹太复国主义的民族发明神话。

好了，开头说过今天的话题和三体的故事还是有一些联系的。因为虽然提到这位犹太学者的观点和以色列政府以及社会主流的观点背道而驰。学者本人也颇受争议，但他的著作没有被封禁，自己的职业也没有受到威胁。以色列社会表现出了强大的包容性，但这种包容性在人类社会中并不是常态，在人类的历史中充斥着各种对异教异端的迫害。在中国的历史上，也有所谓夷夏之防、华夷之辩、政治上也有朋党之争。

对不赞同自己不认同自己的团体。大部分时候，人类并没有这么好的态度，这就和《三体》中的一个非常奇怪的设定产生了对比。在《三体》故事中，第二本书的主角罗辑，通过所谓黑暗森林法则与三体人达成了恐怖平衡，也就是确保同归于尽之后，三体人和地球人有过一段相对友好的交流时期。而就在这段时期内，双方有了比较深的认识。人类发现，三体人有一个奇怪的特点，就是他们不是通过语言进行交流，而是通过脑电波，这导致每个三体人都无法隐藏自己内心的想法。所以三体人不会撒谎，而地球人却非常擅长这一点。

而一位up主就提出来一个非常好的疑问，一个完全不会撒谎，无法隐藏自己真正想法的种族，真的能够发展出像三体人那样高等的文明吗？因为这涉及到对异端的态度，其实回看人类的文明发展史，就会发现人类文明之所以不断的进步，就是原来被认为是异端和异类的思想，逐渐占据主流取代以前的主流思想。而在这些异端发端的早期，他们一般都是不被包容的。比如伽利略和哥白尼的日心说，哥白尼直到他们死后才将自己的理论发表。而伽利略也曾经违心的像教皇认错。如果这样的事情发生在三体人的社会里，那么三体人的哥白尼和伽利略将无法隐藏自己的真实想法。他们的理论会被当时占据主流的和诠释人物扼杀在摇篮里。这样的社会其实是无法向高等文明演化的。所以说大流刘慈新的很多科幻设定，其实看上去点子很新奇，但很多都经不起推敲和现实差距很远。

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Today, I will continue to talk about the topic of the Jewish scholar who actually proved that the Jewish nation was invented, and also talked about it in combination with the three-body problem. There is still some correlation between these two topics.

In the first topic, I would like to briefly review the scholar's point of view, which is that the Jewish people today and the Jews of biblical times do not have much to do with each other in terms of ethnic and racial origin. It can be said that this view fundamentally undermines the theoretical basis of Zionism. So this scholar is also very controversial in Israel. Many people look at him the same way Chinese treat traitors. But one thing to say is that his writings were not banned in Israel. He himself held a teaching position at Tel Aviv University, a prestigious university in Israel, and was not persecuted by society. It can be said that Israeli society has shown considerable tolerance, and it is precisely this that makes Israel stand out in the Middle East and become a small regional hegemon with a small country.

And the reason why this scholar has doubts about Zionism is also related to his personal experience. The scholar had served in the Israeli army during the Six-Day War, and it was during this war that he had changed his mindset. The Six-Day War was a pre-emptive war waged by Israel against the Arab countries, occupying large swathes of Arab land in a very short period of time. The author and his troops were stationed on a newly occupied land. At that time, the Israeli army drove out the Arabs living in these lands, creating a large group of Palestinian refugees. In the beginning, the Palestinians who had been forced to leave their homes returned to their homes after dark, and when Israeli soldiers found out, they were arrested, interrogated, and then driven out. On one occasion, the author's unit captured an elderly Palestinian man who had sneaked back to his home with a large amount of dollars. The author, who was on guard duty that night, heard terrifying screams coming from the room. So he found a crate to put under his feet, and leaned on the window to watch, it turned out that his comrades were beating and interrogating, and the old man who was caught was even burning the old man with cigarette butts. He felt sick and quickly jumped off the crate and returned to his post.

But the next morning, he saw the old man's body being loaded onto a truck and taken away. After that incident, he became suspicious of Israel's occupation of Palestinian land. Although the Arab-Israeli conflict was first provoked by the Arab countries, and Israel fought only for survival from the beginning, by this time the nature seems to have changed. And the author has always felt guilty that he did not intervene to stop the atrocities of his comrades. So later in his academic career, he began to study the true history of Judaism and the Jewish people, in order to deconstruct the myth of Zionism's national invention.

Well, as mentioned at the beginning, today's topic and the story of the three-body problem still have some connections. Because although the views of this Jewish scholar are contrary to the views of the Israeli government and the mainstream of society. The scholar himself was controversial, but his work was not banned, and his profession was not threatened. Israeli society has shown strong inclusiveness, but this inclusiveness is not the norm in human society, and human history has been replete with various persecutions against heresies. In the history of China, there are also the so-called defense of Yixia, the debate of Huayi, and the dispute between friends and parties in politics.

To groups that do not agree with themselves and do not identify with themselves. Most of the time, human beings don't have such a good attitude, which contrasts with a very strange setting in "The Three-Body Problem". In the story of "The Three-Body Problem", Luo Ji, the protagonist of the second book, reached a terrifying balance with the Trisolarans through the so-called law of the dark forest, that is, after ensuring that they were all doomed, the Trisolarans and the earthlings had a period of relatively friendly exchanges. And during this period, the two sides had a deeper understanding. Humans have discovered that Trisolarans have a strange trait, that is, they do not communicate through words, but through brain waves, which causes every Trisolaran to be unable to hide their inner thoughts. So the Trisolaran doesn't lie, and the earthlings are very good at this.

And a UP master raised a very good question, can a race that can't lie at all and can't hide its true thoughts really be able to develop a civilization as advanced as the Trisolarans? Because this involves an attitude towards heresy, in fact, if we look back at the history of the development of human civilization, we will find that the reason why human civilization has continued to progress is that the ideas that were originally considered heretical and alien have gradually occupied the mainstream to replace the previous mainstream ideas. And in the early days of these heresies, they were generally not tolerated. For example, the heliocentrism of Galileo and Copernicus said that Copernicus did not publish his theories until after their deaths. And Galileo once confessed his mistakes against his will. If such a thing happened in the society of the Trisolarans, then Copernicus and Galileo of the Trisolarans would not be able to hide their true thoughts. Their theories would be stifled in the cradle by the dominant and hermeneutic figures of the time. In fact, such a society cannot evolve into a higher civilization. Therefore, many of Liu Cixin's sci-fi settings actually seem to be very novel, but many of them can't stand scrutiny and are far from reality.